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Ancient Rome Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the legacy of Ancient Rome?

A

The spread of civilization in the Empire

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2
Q

What territories were conquered in the Empire?

A

Western Europe
Souther Europe
Middle East
North Africa

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3
Q

Who was Aneas?

A

He was a Trojan hero (son of Prince Anchides and Aphrodite) and was the ancestor of Romulus and Remus

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4
Q

Who are Remus and Romulus?

A

They were the sons of Mars and the priestess Rhea Silvia and are the founders of Rome

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5
Q

Who were the Etruscans?

A

The Etruscans were a people who remain mysterious to this day despite the rich archaeological record they left behind and their language that remains undeciphered. This civilization established a confederation of independent city-states in north-central Italy and were skilled metalworkers, artists, and architects.

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6
Q

What role did they play in the early history of Rome?

A

The role that they played in the early history of Rome was the inspiration they provided for the empire in architecture, entertainment, and myth. The Romans adopted the use of arches and vaults in the structures they built, performed the bloody sport of gladiatorial combat for entertainment, and derived two of the empire’s foundation myths from Etruscan tradition.

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7
Q

What structures were built as the foundations of cities in Rome?

A

Administration: Basilica
Cult: Temples (the Pantheon
Entertainment: Amphitheatres (the Colosseum)
Housing: Villas and Insullae

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8
Q

When was the Colosseum built and during whose rule?

A

80 CE under the rule of Emperor Vespasian

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9
Q

What was the Colosseum?

A

It was a free-standing structure that was 48 m tall made of concrete and limestone that could hold 50-80,000 spectators and was entered through the vomitoria

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10
Q

How did the Roman Empire spread civilization?

A

They conquered territories around the Mediterranean Sea and built monuments, roads, aqueducts, etc.

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11
Q

What architectural elements (infrastructures) were built that are meant to support life in/between cities?

A

Roads/streets
Bridges/tunnels
Aqueducts/sewers

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12
Q

What were roads used for?

A 
Military conquest
Military dispatch
Communications
Tax collection
Trade
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13
Q

What were tunnels used for?

A

Water supply
Military + other transport
Mining

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14
Q

What were aqueducts used for?

A

Carried fresh water from rivers to cities for public baths, decorative fountains, and drinking

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15
Q

What were sewers used for?

A

Waste disposal

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16
Q

Who were the contenders of the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C.E.? How did their consequences worsen for Carthage following each war?

A

The contenders of the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C.E was Carthage and Rome. In the first period of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginians had to cede all of their Sicilian lands to Rome and to pay reparations. In the second period of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginians had exhausted the vast majority of their resources and had no reserves forthcoming. In the third period of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginians were defeated allowing the Romans to sell survivors into slavery and raze their city to the ground. The explanation for these worsening consequences is the increasing obsession that Romans had with defeating this foreign enemy as each period began and ended.

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17
Q

What is a republic?

A

It is a form of government/state in which power rests in the hands of more than one individual

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18
Q

What does democratic mean?

A

All citizens

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19
Q

What does oligarchic mean?

A

the privileged few

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20
Q

What characterized the Roman Republic in 509-27 BCE?

A

Democratic (in principle): all male citizens had the right to vote, fair trial, no death penalty, toga, and free wheat
Oligarchic (in practice): only the wealthiest actually voted

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21
Q

What was the structure of the Roman Republic?

A

Centuriate assembly
Senate
Consuls

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22
Q

What did the Centuriate assembly do?

A

Elect consuls

Accept/reject laws

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23
Q

What did the Senate do?

A 
Controls money, administration, and foreign policy
Advises consuls (powerful influence)
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24
Q

What did the Consuls do?

A

Call and preside over assemblies and Senate
Apply the law
Lead the military

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25
What is an Empire?
Collection of states under the rule of one person | Monarchical form of government in an empire
26
What is the Principate?
Transition period in ancient Rome towards a monarchical government (empire) with some republican forms (i.e. Senate)
27
Where was Julius Caesar from?
Rome
28
What did Julius Caesar do?
Went on conquests with his own funds (Gaul), had games with 400 lions against 4000 war captives, and reformed the calendar from moon to sun
29
What were Julius Caesar's titles?
Praetor, consul Dictator Dictator 'in perpetuo' (for life)
30
When was Julius Caesar assassinated?
44 BCE
31
Who was Octavian/Augustus
Octavian/Augustus was the adopted grandnephew of Julius Caesar.
32
When and where did he live?
He lived in Rome from 63 B.C.E to 14 B.C.E.
33
What were Augustus' conquests?
He contributed the greatest additions to the empire: Egypt, Western Iberia, North border to Rhine/Danube
34
What is Pax Romana during (Augustus' rule)?
The 200 years that the Empire was free of civil wars
35
What state reforms did Augustus do?
``` Police + fire brigade Tax collection Colonies Natal policy ect. ```
36
Who was the first emperor of Ancient Rome and what did he establish?
Octavian/Augustus and he established the Principate
37
What are the characteristics of Augustus' Principate?
``` He was called Princeps Stripped Senate of powers Increased Senate membership (+600) Designated a successor (Tiberius) No rules for succession He was declared god at death ```
38
What is natural law and what did it inspire?
A set of principles that are based on the idea that humans are born with inalienable rights and it inspired the doctrine of human rights
39
What are the inalienable rights of natural law>
``` Life Freedom Equality Property Etc. ```
40
What included natural law in Rome?
``` Civil law (Rome, citizens) Law of nations (World, non-citizens, foreigners) ```
41
What does Liberal Arts mean?
Study curriculum for the free men/Liberal pursuits
42
What was the curriculum of Liberal Arts?
Trivium: grammar, logic, rhetoric Quadrivium: arithmetics, geometry, astronomy, music
43
What forms of entertainment did Roman citizens find in amphitheaters?
Executions Gladiator vs animal fights Gladiator vs gladiato fights
44
Who was Spartacus?
He was a Roman military auxiliary who was enslaved and sent to Capua gladiator school (cell blocks, training area with arena, bath complex, owner's quarters) after performing a misdeed
45
What was Spartacus the leader of?
He was the leader of the 3rd Servile War from 73-74 BCE
46
What happened to Spartacus after the war and what was his intent of beginning it?
He escaped with 70-70,000 slaves | Intent: Escape to freedom or capture Rome?
47
What were the consequences of the end of the Servile War?
Most slaves were killed and the 6000 that were captured are crucified and displayed on Via Appia
48
What is slavery?
institution of holding certain human beings as properties (therefore not legal persons) without personal freedom
49
What are the origins of slavery?
Chattel (Slavic and other foreign lands) | War (most) from conquered areas
50
What is the dual role of shows in the Roman Empire?
Assert dominance over citizens and provide entertainment to keep them happy
51
What were the uses for slaves?
``` Farming (most) Public works Gladiator contests Domestic works Tutoring Arts and crafts Trading ```
52
What was the treatment of slave?
Abuse (neglect, battery, sexual, mutilation) Affection (domestic) Regards (tutors) Salary (craftsmen, merchants)
53
When is the period of Early Christianity?
30-600 CE
54
What is the definition of Early Christianity?
``` Monotheistic religious movement holding as a common belief: The Trinity (God is one; made of three persons Father, son, Holy Spirit) Jesus incarnation (son of God took human flesh) ```
55
What were four of the Hebrews’ most important contributions to Western religious thought?
The first: the Hebrew’s theology of Yahweh’s transcendence as they taught that God is not part of nature but exists outside of it. The second: the belief that Yahweh appointed humans to be the rulers of nature by divine mandate The third: the articulation of universal ethics that provides a universal theory of justice and righteousness. The fourth: the subscription to certain moral precepts and taboos, which led to the creation of the Ten Commandments.
56
Where was Christianity born (1st c. CE)?
In Judea, which is a Roman province made up of the Hebrew people that followed the Jewish faith
57
Who was the first and second founder of Christianity?
1: Jesus of Nazareth 2: Paul of Tarsus
58
Who was Jesus of Nazareth?
He was born in Galile (Israel), was of Jewish faith, and was a preacher.
59
What did Jesus preach?
He preached the message of the Jewish God (20s-30s CE): Loving/forgiving Kingdom of Heaven
60
Was Jesus' following large?
Yes
61
Why was Jesus controversial?
Because of his message, was considered to be the King of Jews (?), and the Messiah (?)
62
How did Jesus die?
He was crucified in Rome for sedition
63
Who was Paul of Tarsus
He was born in Asia Minor (Turkey) and was a Roman citizen of Jewish faith who persecuted early followers of Christianity
64
What did Paul of Tarsus experience and what did it lead to?
He had a conversion experience which led him to spread Jesus's teachings in Greek-speaking pagan areas (30s-50s BCE)
65
What was the context of the province of Judea during Early Christianity?
``` Judaism: Monotheism Transcendent God (not part of nature) Ethical principles (commandments) Other gods are denied ```
66
What was the context of the Roman Empire during Early Christianity?
``` Pagan religion: Polytheism Gods are part of nature Worshiped with sacrifices Foreign gods in Pantheon Afterlife in Underworld ```
67
What are persecutions?
The attempt to eradicate a group on religious, ethnic, political, or other grounds
68
What factors led to the persecution of peoples in the Roman Empire during Early Christianity?
Private worship No sacrifices Polytheism: actively seeking new followers
69
When did the fall of Rome occur?
476 CE
70
What is the definition of the "fall of Rome"?
The collapse of the Western Roman empire
71
What replaced the Western Roman Empire when it fell?
Germanic kingdoms
72
Which Roman Empire survives until 1453 CE and what is its new name?
The Easter Roman Empire and its new name is the Byzantine Empire

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