Anemia

Question 1

What are three variable components that RBC mass depends on?

Answer 1

Splenocontraction
Breed/Age
Exercise level

Question 2

What % of RBC mass is in the spleen?

Answer 2

30%

Question 3

Splenocontraction can increase the PCV up to what %?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

T/F: Hot blooded horses have a higher PCV than cold-blooded horses

Answer 4

TRUE
Hot-blooded=thoroughbreds
Cold-blooded=draft horses

Question 5

How many blood groups are in the horse?

Answer 5

8 blood groups

Question 6

T/F: There is NO true universal donor in the equine species

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

What are the dependent factors of CS development in an anemic horse?

Answer 7

Rate and severity of RBC decrease

Question 8

What are general CS of acute anemia?

Answer 8

Poor performance, tachycardia, tachypnea, pale MM, lethargy, systolic murmur

Question 9

T/F: regeneration can be assessed on a peripheral blood smear of the horse?

Answer 9

FALSE

Question 10

What is a normal characteristic of blood cells on a smear that can be mistaken for agglutination?

Answer 10

Rouleaux formation

Question 11

What is free hemoglobin associated with?

Answer 11

Intravascular hemolysis

Question 12

What are the three pathophysioogic mechanisms of anemia?

Answer 12

Inadequate erythrocyte production
Increased erythrocyte destruction
Blood loss

Question 13

What are the three causes of depression anemia?

Answer 13

Deficiencies in vitamin and minerals essential for RBC production
Chronic/systemic disease interfering with normal erythropoiesis
Damaged bone marrow or bone marrow components

Question 14

What is TRUE iron deficiency defined by in the horse?

Answer 14

microcytic hypochromic anemia-only seen in late stages

Question 15

Fe deficient anemia in the horse is most commonly associated with what?

Answer 15

Chronic blood loss from parasites, GI lesions or hemostatic defects

Question 16

What is another name for functional iron deficiency?

Answer 16

Anemia of inflammatory disease

Question 17

T/F: Horses with anemia of inflammatory disease commonly have a PCV under 18%

Answer 17

FALSE-doesn’t typically drop under 18%

Question 18

What is the most common cause of anemia in the horse?

Answer 18

Inflammatory disease

Question 19

What is the carrier protein responsible for iron transport and distribution in the body

Answer 19

Transferrin

Question 20

What is the only safe parenteral preparation of iron for the horse?

Answer 20

Iron cacodylate

Question 21

T/F: Iron supplementation is indicated for anemia of inflammatory disease

Answer 21

FALSE-anemia is of little to no concern

Question 22

What are two causes of increased red cell destruction?

Answer 22

Oxidative damage or immune mediated mechanisms

Question 23

How does oxidative damage affect the blood?

Answer 23

Changes iron form ferrous form to ferric form leading to formation of methemoglobin which cannot carry O2.

Question 24

What are CS of methemoglobin?

Answer 24

Brown discoloration to MM, blood and urine

Question 25

What are some infectious diseases that cause increased RBC destruction?

Answer 25

EIA, piroplasmosis

Question 26

What are some toxic agents that cause increased RBC destruction?

Answer 26

Red maple leaves, onions, monensin and phenothiazines

Question 27

What are some immune causes of increased RBC destruction?

Answer 27

Neonatal isoerythrolysis, IMHA and incompatible blood transfusions

Question 28

What is the only intraerythrocytic parasitic disease that affects horses?

Answer 28

Piroplasmosis-equine babesiosis

Question 29

What is the vector for babesiosis?

Answer 29

Tick vectors- Dermatocentor nitens

Question 30

What are the CS of babesiosis?

Answer 30

Fever, hemolytic anemia, icterus, death

Question 31

What are four differentials of babesiosis?

Answer 31

Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis, equine infectious anemia, hemolytic anemia, liver failure

Question 32

How long post babesiosis infection does it take for antibodies to be detected?

Answer 32

14 days

Question 33

What is a reportable disease in horses that is also known as swamp fever?

Answer 33

Equine infectious anemia

Question 34

What is the causative agent of EIA?

Answer 34

Lentivirus of retrovirus family

Question 35

What cell does EIA target?

Answer 35

Macrophages-integrate into the host genome

Question 36

How is EIA transmitted?

Answer 36

``` Interrupted feeding by hematophageous arthropods required Biting insects (tabanids-deer and stable flies) or mosquitoes ```

Question 37

What is the mechanism of anemia from EIA?

Answer 37

Immune mediated hemolysis Decreased intravascular erythrocyte survival time Decreased bone marrow erythrocyte production

Question 38

What does acute EIA cause?

Answer 38

Extravascular hemolytic anemia

Question 39

What are CS associated with acute EIA?

Answer 39

thrombocytopenia, fever, depression, petechial hemorrhage | No anemia typicaly seen

Question 40

What are CS associated with subacute/chronic EIA?

Answer 40

Recurrent episodes of fever, depression, anemia and icterus, lymphadenopathy, weight loss

Question 41

What are the two dx tests used for EIA?

Answer 41

Coggins test | ELISA

Question 42

Which EIA dx test is more sensitive and specific?

Answer 42

ELISA

Question 43

What is the internationally accepted dx test for EIA?

Answer 43

Coggins test- gold standard test

Question 44

Why can the Coggins test give false negatives for EIA dx?

Answer 44

Takes about 45 days to produce detectable levels of Ab

Question 45

What are general recommendations when a horse tests positive for EIA?

Answer 45

Recommended to isolate for life or euthanize

Question 46

Why must 200 yards be kept between a EIA horse and a non-infected horse?

Answer 46

The double fencing pasture method is important because the flies will only fly around 200 meters before turning back around to re-feed on the previous horse