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Anemia Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors are decreased in anemia?

A

Hb
Hct
RBC

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2
Q

Where does the word “Anemia” comes from and what is its meaning?

A

Anaimia
Ana - lack
Haima - blood
= lack of blood

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3
Q

3 Definitions of Anemia

A

Functional: decrease in oxygen carrying capacity (low RBCs)

Operational: reduction from baseline value (low RBC components circulating for a particular patient)

Conventional: decrease in RBCs, Hb, and Hct below the previously established reference value (lower than reference value)

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4
Q

4 Clinical Findings of Anemia

A
  1. History
  2. Physical examination
  3. Signs and symptoms
  4. Laboratory procedures

(1-3 covered by physicians, 4 for medtechs)

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5
Q

Common signs and symptoms of anemia

A

shortness of breath
fatigue
weakness

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6
Q

Examples of laboratory procedures of anemia

A

CBC
iron studies (backbone)
Hb electrophoresis

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7
Q

3 General Causes of Anemia

A
  1. Decreased RBC Production
  2. Increased RBC Destruction
  3. Blood loss
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8
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
most common and easiest to treat

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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9
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
blockage in heme synthesis

A

Sideroblastic Anemia

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10
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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11
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
problem in bone marrow

A

Aplastic Anemia

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12
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
Pancytopenia - decreased production of WBC, RBC, and platelets

A

Aplastic Anemia

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13
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
absence of either alpha or beta chains or both

A

Thalassemia

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14
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
Cushing Syndrome, Addison’s Disease

A

Anemia due to Endocrine Disorder

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15
Q

Anemia due to Decreased Production of RBC:
Myelophthisic Anemia

A

Anemia due to Marrow Infiltration

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16
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Intracorpuscular Abnormality

A
  1. Membrane Defect
  2. Enzyme Deficiency
  3. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
  4. Globin Abnormality
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17
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Enzyme deficiencies

A
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Pyruvate kinase deficiency
  • Porphyria
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18
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Globin abnormalities

A
  • Hemoglobinopathies (Hb SS, CC, SC)
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19
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Extracorpuscular Abnormalities

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Infection
  3. Chemical and Physical Agents
  4. Antibody-mediated Anemia
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20
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Mechanical

A

a.) Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia / MAHA
1. thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
2. hemolytic uremic syndrome / HUS
3. disseminated intravascular coagulation / DIC
4. hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes & low platelet count / HELLP

b.) Traumatic cardiac hemolytic anemia

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21
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Infection

A

a.) Hemolytic anemia
- Malaria
- Babesia
- Bartonella
- Ehrlichia

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22
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
Antibody-mediated Anemia

A

Acquired hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
increased in Plasmodia means higher possibility of RBC lysis that leads to anemia

A

Malaria

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24
Q

Anemia due to Increased Destruction of RBC:
caused by drugs, toxins, and burns

A

Chemical and Physical Agents

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25
Anemia due to Blood Loss
1. Acute post hemorrhagic anemia 2. Chronic post hemorrhagic anemia
26
Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment: checks electrophoretic activity of bone marrow
Reticulocyte count
27
Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment: checks morphology of cells
Peripheral smear
28
Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment: the backbone lab test
Iron studies (serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity)
29
Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment: Blood chemistry tests
Kidney function test Liver function test
30
Laboratory Test for Anemia Assessment: Hematological special test procedure
Hb electrophoresis
31
Morphological Classification of Anemia
1. Microcytic hypochromic anemia 2. Macrocytic normochromic anemia 3. Normocytic normochromic anemia
32
Morphologic Classification of Anemia: SIGA
Microcytic hypochromic
33
Morphologic Classification of Anemia: decrease of all erythrocyte indices
Microcytic hypochromic
34
Morphologic Classification of Anemia: found in thalassemia and severe iron deficiency anemia
Microcytic hypochromic
35
Microcytic hypochromic anemia: causes of iron deficiency anemia
a.) inadequate intake of iron b.) increased need of iron 1. infancy, childhood, adolescence 2. pregnancy c.) chronic blood loss
36
Microcytic hypochromic anemia: causes of chronic blood loss in iron deficiency anemia
1. Heavy menstrual bleeding 2. GI bleeding from ulcers or tumors 3. Urinary tract with kidney stones 4. Iatrogenic cause
37
3 stages of Iron Deficiency
Stage I: Iron Depletion Stage II: Exhaustion of the storage pool of iron Stage III: Frank Anemia
38
3 stages of Iron Deficiency: Hb, Serum Iron, TIBC = Normal Ferritin = Low
Iron Depletion
39
3 stages of Iron Deficiency: Hb and RBC development = Normal TIBC = Increased Serum Iron and Ferritin = Decreased
Exhaustion of storage pool of iron
40
3 stages of Iron Deficiency: TIBC = Increased Hb, Serum Iron, Ferritin = Decreased
Frank Anemia
41
measures circulating iron that is bound to transferring
Serum iron
42
measure the capacity of iron to bind transferrin
TIBC
43
protein that are used for storage of iron
Ferritin
44
Blood Features of IDA
• low to normal retic • low serum iron • low serum ferritin • high TIBC • microcytic hypochromic • anisocytosis / poikilocytosis • decrease in OFT
45
Screening Lab Diagnosis for Anemia
CBC RBC indices
46
Diagnostic Lab Diagnosis for Anemia
Backbones of anemia Iron studies
47
Specialize Lab Diagnosis for Anemia
Hb electrophoresis Ferrous sulfate and vitamin C for treatment
48
2 main indications of severe type of IDA
painless, smooth, shiny, and reddened tongue Koilonychia
49
Severe type of IDA: spoon-shaped nails
Koilonychia
50
Severe type of IDA: craving of non edible food (dirt, clay, chalk)
PICA
51
Severe type of IDA: mahilig ngumatngat ng yelo
Pagophagia
52
Severe type of IDA: fingernails are thin, brittle, and concave with raised edges
Koilonychia
53
Morphology seen in IDA blood films
- microcytic hypochromasia - pencil cells, target cells, teardrops, and rare fragments Note: early iron deficiency may be normocytic with no significant morphologic changes
54
This type of anemia develop when the incorporation of iron into heme is blocked
Sideroblastic Anemia
55
2 types of Sideroblastic Anemia
Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia Primary Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia
56
Sideroblastic Anemia: due to a congenital enzyme defect delta amino-levulinic acid synthetase or heme synthetase
Hereditary Sideroblastic Anemia
57
Sideroblastic Anemia: due to somatic mutation of the erythroid progenitor cells that cause either defects in heme synthesis or defects in DNA synthesis
Primary Acquired Sideroblastic Anemia
58
Primary Sideroblastic Anemia is ________
genetic
59
Secondary Sideroblastic Anemia is caused by:
• Certain therapeutic drugs • Chronic transfusion (Aplastic) • Alcoholism and food fads • Use of iron utensils & iron in water
60
Diagnostic lab findings of peripheral blood film of Sideroblastic Anemia
- normocytic cells - thin rim cytoplasm in RBC - occasional teardrop cells - Pappenheimer bodies and basophilic stippling
61
1. ______ interferes with iron storage in the mitochondria and damages the activity of enzymes used for heme synthesis (basophilic stippling). This leads to 2. ________ which is sometimes caused by drugs/heavy metals
1. Lead 2. Lead Poisoning
62
Diagnostic lab findings of bone marrow aspirate of Sideroblastic Anemia
- ringed sideroblasts - normoblasts >/= 10 iron containing granules in cytoplasm encircling 1/3 of nucleus - violet, blue, or black dot = excess iron
63
Stain used in Sideroblastic Anemia
Pearl’s Prussian Blue

Hema 1 (1 decks)

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