Anesthesia

Question 1

Blood pressure measurements of a hypotensive patient

Answer 1

BP values of:
Syst: <80–90 mm Hg
Mean: <60–70 mm Hg
Diast: <40 mm Hg

Question 2

Physical indicators of a hypotensive patient

Answer 2

Poor CRT and weak peripheral pulse

Question 3

Medications to support hypotension

Answer 3

Ephedrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylephrine, norepinephrine

Question 4

Define: Hypoxemia

Answer 4

decreased oxygenation of the blood

Question 5

Best way to monitor for hypoxemia is

Answer 5

Pulse oximeter (SpO2)

Question 6

Hypoxemia is usually secondary to

Answer 6

Improperly placed ET tube, hypoventilation, or atelectasis

Question 7

Define: Arrhythmia

Answer 7

abnormal rate or rhythm of heartbeat

Question 8

Common arrhythmias that occur perioperatively

Answer 8

sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, and ventricular arrhythmia

Question 9

Identify common causes of Bradycardia

Answer 9

Increased vagal tone, anesthetic OD, hypothermia, hyperkalemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia

Question 10

Normal HR range for a large dog

Answer 10

< 60-70 BPM

Question 11

Normal HR range for a small dog

Answer 11

< 80 BPM

Question 12

Normal HR range for cats

Answer 12

< 90-100 BPM

Question 13

What can cause increased vagal tone which can lead to perioperative bradycardia?

Answer 13

Opioids: (e.g., morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl)
Alpha-2 agonists: (e.g., dexmedetomidine, xylazine)
Oculocardiac reflex: Pressure on the eyeballs
Visceral manipulation: Especially abdominal or thoracic surgery, pulling on organs.
Upper airway obstruction/irritation:
Brachycephalic breeds are prone.

Question 14

When is treatment of perioperative bradycardia indicated?

Answer 14

If paired with hypotension, poor profusion, severe hypothermia.

Question 15

What drugs can be used to treat perioperative bradycardia?

Answer 15

Anticholinergics: Atropine or glycopyrrolate