Anesthetic

Question 1

diazepam *

Answer 1

• bzd
• GABA alpha receptor
• tranquilizer/ sedative/ anesthetic/ anticonvulsant
• 1-2 h (pretty short), long in cat
• undependable IM absorp., water insoluble; start AED therapy with status epilepticus or rectal admin. after loading dose for cluster seizures); addictive
• also, behavioral event drug

Question 2

midazolam *

Answer 2

• bzd
• GABA alpha receptor
• tranquilizer/ sedative
• shorter than diazepam, 1 hour
• rapid, complete IM absorption, water soluble
• also, in behavioral

Question 3

zolazepam

Answer 3

• bzd

- GABA alpha receptor

Question 4

acepromazine *

Answer 4

• phenothiazine
• blocks dopamine receptor
• tranquilizer
• slow onset, long duration
• tremors with high doses (rare), blocks alpha 1, boxers and colies caution

Question 5

chlorpromazine

Answer 5

• phenothiazine

- tranquilizer

Question 6

xylazine *

Answer 6

• alpha 2 agonists
• a2 adrenergic receptor > inhibit NE
• sedation/ analgesia
• 160:1; abortion in cattle
• also, in autonomics: controls b.p, HR
• ruminants more sensitive

Question 7

dexmedetomidine *

Answer 7

• alpha 2 agonists
• a2 adrenergic receptor > inhibit NE
• sedation > analgesia
• depends on dose; min. to hour
• 1620:1; arousal, some alpha 1 effects, bradycardia and hypertension; ruminants sensitive; emetic in cats
• also, in autonomics: approved for dogs, higher HR and CO

Question 8

romifidine

Answer 8

• alpha 2 agonists
• a2 adrenergic receptor > inhibit NE
• sedation/ analgesia
• 340:1

Question 9

yohimbine *

Answer 9

• a2 antagonist
• competitive binding at alpha 2 receptor
• sedation reversal of xylazine in dogs
• moderately selective for alpha 2 than alpha 1
• also, in autonomics
• caution with IV, safer with IM (causes rapid relaxation of vessel tone)

Question 10

atipamezole *

Answer 10

• a2 antagonist
• competitive binding at alpha 2 receptor
• sedation reversal of medetomidine
• highly selective for alpha 2 receptor; used commonly with dexmedetomidine (x-rays)
• also, in autonomics
• caution with IV, safer with IM (causes rapid relaxation of vessel tone)

Question 11

pentobarbital

Answer 11

• barbiturate
• GABA alpha receptor
• euthanasia
• t 1/2 short, 1-2h

Question 12

etomidate

Answer 12

• imidazole
• anesthesia
• t 1/2 short
• limited use IV anesthetic; adrenals; minimal cardio and respiratory effects (drug of choice if have cardio disease); not controlled; pain on inj.; $$$

Question 13

alfaxalone *

Answer 13

• prog. related steroid
• GABA modulation
• anesthesia
• smooth rapid onset
• safe, mild cardio effect; compared to propofol, class IV, labeled for dogs and cats, can give IM (not great); preservative free prep. (6h shelf life), $$$

Question 14

lidocaine *

Answer 14

• local anesthetic
• block voltage gated Na+ channels, no AP
• local nerve block for minor procedures
• fast onset; 1-2 hours
• prefers smaller, peripheral, unmyelinated nerves; seizures
• also, in cardio

Question 15

bupivacaine

Answer 15

• local anesthetic
• block voltage gated Na+ channels, no AP
• local nerve block for minor procedures
• intermediate onset; 3-6 hours
• malignant cardiac arrhythmias (hard to treat, often fatal)

Question 16

mepivicaine *

Answer 16

• local anesthetic
• block voltage gated Na+ channels, no AP
• local nerve block for diagnostics
• fast onset; 1.5-3 hours
• seizures

Question 17

flumazenil

Answer 17

• bzd antagonist

- competitive binding at GABA receptor

Question 18

morphine *

Answer 18

• opioid agonist
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 moderate (4-6h)
• cheap; high efficacy; bradycardia; dose dependent respiratory depression (antitussive); GI effects, thermoregulation

Question 19

hydromorphine *

Answer 19

• opioid agonist
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 moderate (4-6h)
• cheap; high efficacy

Question 20

oxymorphone *

Answer 20

• opioid agonist
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 moderate (4-6h)
• $$$; high efficacy

Question 21

fentanyl *

Answer 21

• opioid agonist
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 short (min.-hours)
• cheap; high efficacy; more potent than morphine

Question 22

remifentanil *

Answer 22

• opioid agonist
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 short (min.-hours)
• $$$; high efficacy

Question 23

buprenophine *

Answer 23

• opioid partial agonist
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 long (6-8h)
• moderate cost; moderate efficacy; good for cats

Question 24

tramadol *

Answer 24

• opioid partial agonist (mu)
• analgesia +/- sedation
• t 1/2 moderate (4-6h)
• cheap; moderate efficacy; good for orthopedic surgery

Question 25

butorphanol *

Answer 25

- opioid ag.-antag. - analgesia +/- sedation - t 1/2 short (min.-hours) - cheap; moderate efficacy; "partial" reversal: reverse sedation while retaining analgesia

Question 26

nalbuphine

Answer 26

- opioid ag.-antag. - analgesia +/- sedation - t 1/2 moderate (4-6h) - cheap; moderate efficacy; "partial" reversal: reverse sedation while retaining analgesia

Question 27

naloxone

Answer 27

- opioid antagonist - opioid reversal - t 1/2 short (30 min.-hour) - cheap; reverses ALL effects,, renarcotization possible; caution of cardiac arrest

Question 28

ketamine *

Answer 28

- dissociative agent - NMDA receptor, release endo. catechol. - sedation/ restraint/ anethesic/ analgesia - dose dependent; t 1/2 short - minimal hepatic metabolism in cats (dependent on urinary excretion); incr. intraocular pressure, incr. intracranial pressure

Question 29

tiletamine

Answer 29

- dissociative agent - NMDA receptor - t 1/2hours - more potent than ketamine; shelf life not long; rough recoveries in dog; best in pigs, but slow recoveries

Question 30

phenobarbital *

Answer 30

- barbiturate - enhances GABA - anti-epileptic, seizures (cluster seizures) - t 1/2 several days - alkaline drug; cardiovascular depression (vasodilation), respiratory depression, splenic engorgement; first line of therapy for seizures in cats; increased liver enzymes

Question 31

propofol *

Answer 31

``` -unrelated to other drugs GABA alpha receptor -anesthesia -rapid onset -moderate hypotension, respiratory depression (common, give IV slow); can give CRI; short shelf life (6h); no tissue damage like thiopental ```

Question 32

isoflurane *

Answer 32

- inhalant anesthetic - GABA? - anesthesia maintenance - fast - MAC (potency) 1.3%; dose depedent cardiovascular depression (hyptension) and respiratory depression

Question 33

sevoflurane

Answer 33

- inhalant anesthetic - GABA? - anesthesia maintenance - faster - MAC 2.4%; dose depedent cardiovascular depression (hyptension) and respiratory depression

Question 34

desflurane

Answer 34

- inhalant anesthetic - GABA? - anesthesia maintenance - fastest - MAC 8%; extremely volatile, new vaporizer, $$$, plugged in; dose depedent cardiovascular depression (hyptension) and respiratory depression

Question 35

guaifenisen

Answer 35

- modulate tonic muscle activity (spinal cord) - central muscle relaxant (bzd is too) - very irritating if given extravascularly; "triple drip" in large animals (used to facilitate induction)

Question 36

bromine *

Answer 36

- competes with chloride ion > hyperpolarize - treats seizures - long half life; dogs 25 days - first line of therapy for dogs (2nd/3rd in cats); 2-3 months to reach steady state; GI upset, mild ataxia; allergic asthmatic rxn in cats; monitor plasma levels