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BISC 337 > Angiosperms > Flashcards

Angiosperms Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures make up the pistil (female) and stamen (male)?

A

pistil = style, stigma and ovary

stamen = anther and filament

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2
Q

What is the tapetum?

A

cell layer in the anther that provides nutrients (sporopollenin) for pollen grain development

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3
Q

How are pollen grains released?

A

anther wall dehisces and flings pollen out

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4
Q

What cells are in the immature (binucleate) and germinated (trinucleate) pollen grain?

A

immature
- 1 tube cell
- 1 generative cell

germinated
- 1 tube cell
- 2 sperm cells

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5
Q

What are the intine and extine layers of the pollen wall comprised of, and what produces these compounds?

A

extine = sporopollenin from tapetum

intine = cellulose, pectin, callose and hemicellulose from pollen grain

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6
Q

What is the name of the placenta-like structure attached to the ovule?

A

funiculus

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7
Q

How many microspores can one microsporophyte produce at once?

A

4

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8
Q

What are the 8 cells in the ovary?

A

2 synergid cells
1 egg cell
2 polar nuclei
3 antipodals

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9
Q

What forms during double fertilization?

A

1 zygote (2n; 1 sperm + 1 egg) and the endosperm (3n; 1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei)

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10
Q

Define the following terms:

a) hypogynous
b) perigynous
c) epigynous

A

a) hypo = superior ovary (above)
b) peri = central ovary
c) epi = inferior ovary (below)

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11
Q

How many multiples of organs do monocots and eudicots have?

A

monocots = 3, eudicots = 4 or 5

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12
Q

If a plant is complete, what must it also be?

A

perfect (both carpals and stamens present)

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13
Q

What is the difference between indeterminant and determinant growth?

A

indeterminant = youngest flower at the tip, apical meristem keeps growing

determinant = youngest flower at the base, apical meristem stops growing

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14
Q

What are the components of a composite flower?

A

ray and disk florets

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15
Q

How do fruits help with the following:

a) seed maturation
b) seed protection
c) seed dispersal

A

a) maturation = provides nutrients, sugars and hormones
b) protection = protects seed from abiotic and biotic stressors
c) dispersal = adaptations for water, wind and animal dispersal etc.

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16
Q

What adaptation do seeds that use water dispersal have?

A

internal air pockets for buoyancy

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17
Q

What adaptations do seeds that use animals for dispersal have?

A
  • barbed spines to stick on
  • sugary flesh for rewards
  • seed coats that can only be broken down via digestive tracts
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18
Q

What are the three embryonic meristems in a seed?

A

ground meristem = ground tissue (cortex, pith)
protoderm = epidermis
procambium = vascular tissue

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19
Q

What do basal and suspensor cells do?

A

transport hormones and nutrients to embryo (like an umbilical cord)

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20
Q

What are the stages of embryonic seed growth?

A
  1. zygote
  2. globular
  3. heart
  4. torpedo
  5. mature seed
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21
Q

What structure can be found in grasses but not in eudicots?

A

coleoptile (sheath around embryonic shoot)

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22
Q

What is the difference between albuminous and ex-albuminous?

A

albuminous = has a large endosperm (usually monocots)

ex-albuminous = no endosperm, bulk is cotyledons (usually eudicots)

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23
Q

What happens during seed maturation and dessication?

A

maturation
- integuments harden to form seed coat
- endosperms/cotyledons bulk up with energy

dessication
- seed loses most of its water
- metabolism stops
- seed enters dormancy

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24
Q

What are the ploidies of the following structures and how are they derived:

a) endosperm
b) embryo
c) seed coat

A

a) endosperm = 3n (2n from mother + 1n from father
b) embryo = 2n (n from mother + n from father)
c) seed coat = 2n (2n from mother + 0 from father)

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25
What processes happen during seed germination?
- cell division (mitosis) at meristems - cell expansion (cell walls loosen and turgor pressure increases) - cell differentiation
26
What is the hypocotyl?
embryonic shoot
27
What is the radicle?
embryonic root
28
What is the difference between epigeal and hypogeal germination?
epigeal = cotyledons are above ground hypogeal = cotyledons are below ground
29
Where do gymnosperms, monocots and eudicots store their embryonic energy?
gymnosperms = megagametophyte eudicot = cotyledons monocots = endosperm
30
What bud can be found above every leaf?
axillary bud
31
How can you tell a monocot SAM versus a eudicot SAM?
monocot SAM are nestled between a sheath of leaves while eudicot SAM is exposed
32
In what type of plants could you find the vascular cambium?
eudicots
33
What is the name of the zone between vascular bundles?
the interfascicular zone
34
What type of stele do monocots have?
atactostele (no distinction between cortex and pith)
35
How are monocot and eudicot vascular bundles arranged in shoots?
monocots = scattered (atactostele) eudicot = ring (eustele)
36
What is the lacuna?
cavity in a vascular bundle formed by broken down protoxylem
37
What structure forms from axillary buds?
branches
38
How are stomata arranged in monocot and eudicot leaves?
monocot - lined up stomata - guard cells surrounded by subsidary cells - stomata on both sides of the leaf eudicot - scattered stomata - only guard cells - stomata only on leaf underside
39
What do spongy and palisade parenchyma do?
spongy = increases SA for gas exchange and creates air spaces palisade = maximizes light capture, is found close to epidermis
40
What do bulliform cells in monocots do?
contracts so leaves fold up in dry conditions
41
Briefly define CAM and C4 plants
CAM = stomata open at nighttime and close in daytime, found in dry conditions C4 = converts CO2 into intermediate C4 in the mesophyll, and calvin cycle occurs separately in bundle sheaths (prevents O2/CO2 competition)
42
What are the 4 zones of the root?
- differentiation - elongation - division - root cap
43
How are monocot and eudicot roots different?
monocots = fibrous root system with a dense mat of thin roots eudicots = taproot system with a deep lateral root that branches off
44
How are eudicot root cross sections different than monocots?
eudicots lack a pith
45
What functions do the root cortex have?
transport of materials to stele, air spaces for respiration and starch storage via amyloplasts
46
How did leaves modify to form carpals and stamen?
carpals formed via leaves folding in and fusing around ovaries stamen formed by reduced leaves
47
What are some examples of modified leaves?
- spines - tendrils - bracts - storage - carnivory - asexual reproduction
48
What are some examples of modified stems?
- tendrils (axillary buds) - rhizomes - stolons - corms - bulbs - tubers - thorns - prickles - cladophylls - pedicles
49
What are thorns, prickles and spines?
spines = modified leaves, forms below axillary bud thorn = modified stem, forms from axillary bud prickle = modified epidermis, found anywhere
50
What are cladophylls?
modified flattened stems for photosynthesis in cacti
51
What are differences between corms and bulbs?
corms = papery scaly skin (tunic) with no layers (solid) bulb = papery skin with leaf derived layers
52
What are differences between tubers and rhizomes?
tubers = leathery skin, growing vertically underground and unbranched rhizomes = scaly skin, growing horizontally underground with branches
53
What is the difference between rhizomes and stolons?
rhizomes = underground stolons = above ground
54
What are haustoria?
modified roots/stems for parasitic plants
55
What are pneumatophores?
modified roots filled with air that protrude out of water for respiration
56
In what type of plants could you find aerenchyma?
aquatic plants (forces air down to roots/rhizomes)
57
What type of roots do orchids have?
air roots (absorbs moisture from air via velamen)
58
What is the difference between adventitious and propagative roots?
adventitious = roots produced by non roots, i.e from shoots propagative roots = roots that produce non-roots, i.e makes shoots
59
What is the difference between bark and wood?
wood = produced by vascular cambium towards center of the trunk bark = produced by vascular cambium towards the outside of the trunk
60
What two layers make up the periderm?
cork and cork cambium
61
What layers are shed with each annual growth?
primary phloem, cortex and epidermis
62
Where do the axial and ray systems function?
axial = transport vertically along stem ray = transport between center and edge of stem
63
What growth season would you expect to see small tracheary elements/dark wood?
late wood (summer)
64
What is the difference between sapwood and heartwood?
sapwood = outer parts of wood that still conducts water and produces sap heartwood = non-conductive xylem towards the center
65
Where and how are reaction woods formed?
tension wood = in angiosperms, cellulose deposits on same side as force compression wood = gymnosperms, lignin deposits on opposite side as force
66
What are outer and inner bark made of?
outer = periderm inner = secondary phloem
67
Where would you find dilated phloem rays?
secondary phloem
68
What layers are on either side of the cork cambium?
outermost = cork (dead and suberized) innermost = phelloderm (living parenchyma)
69
What are lenticels?
spongy pores in cork with air spaces
70
What layers make up bark?
everything outside of vascular cambium (secondary phloem, phelloderm, cork cambium and cork)
71
What are some roles of terpenes?
- defense - pigments (carotenoids, hydrophobic in chloroplasts) - physiology (blue haze) - scents - hormones (ABA, gibberellins)
72
In what cells is latex produced?
laticifer cells
73
Name some examples of phenolics
- flavonoids/anthocyanins (hydrophilic in vacuoles) - tannins - salicylic acid - lignin - coumarins (toxic burns)
74
Name some examples of alkaloids
- capsaicin - nicotine - caffeine - cocaine - opium - glucosinolates

BISC 337 (7 decks)

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