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anglo saxon history ppe Flashcards

1
Q

what oath was taken and by who to reduce crime

A

free man from the age of 12 to avoid being involved with any major crime and to report those who did

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2
Q

what would happen if you broke the oath

A
  • you’re disloyal and dishonourable
  • family held responsible and could be punished
  • you and family could be forced into exile
  • relatives of victim could claim compensation (wergild)
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3
Q

what would happen if not settled families tried to seek revenge

A

blood feuds could last for many generations

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4
Q

what were local courts known as

A

hundred courts

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5
Q

who appointed officials in charge of courts

A

the king

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6
Q

what were the hundreds responsible for

A

organising the pursuit of escaping criminals

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7
Q

what made a tithing

A
  • 10 families
  • maintained order
  • enforced murder and theft
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8
Q

what made a hundred

A
  • group of 10 tithings

- elected a constable

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9
Q

-what made a shire or county

A
  • made of collections of hundreds

- the head was the shire-reeve

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10
Q

who was in control of a shire

A

an earl

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11
Q

what were earl’s responsibilities

A

they had authority over the shire courts but had to pay King one third of fines or taxes

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12
Q

what was the class system in anglo-saxon england

A 
royal family
major nobility
minor nobility
free men
serfs
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13
Q

who was universally recognised as the english royal family

A

house of Wessex

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14
Q

was succession to the throne guaranteed

A

no, the Witan had to the right to choose the best successor from members of the royal house

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15
Q

what made up the major nobility

A

earls
were the king’s right hand man in a shire
not hereditary

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16
Q

what made up the minor nobility

A

thegns
formed the backbone of the army
could receive lands from the king and could rise to become earls

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17
Q

what made up freemen

A

upper group of commoners who didn’t pay rent
expected to attend local courts to solve disputes
some worked on lord’s land and made money by selling crops

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18
Q

what made up serfs

A

held no land and worked for others in exchange for food and shelter
had no civil rights but could work for their own freedom

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19
Q

how were major towns designed in anglo saxon

A

fortified against enemy attack

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20
Q

where did most commercial activity take place in anglo saxo england and why

A

in towns home to skilled tradesmen and others such as doctors and merchants

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21
Q

who was edward the confessor

A

first english king after 25 years of danish rule
didn’t have any children
married edith godwin

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22
Q

what were edward’s connection to normandy

A

family - mother was norman and spent many exile in normandy

culture - when he came back he spoke norman french and his closest advisors were norman

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23
Q

who was the most powerful anglo saxon noble and why

A

earl godwin because he controlled wessex which was the wealthiest province and had a lot of military force which king relied on

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24
Q

how was edward related to the godwin family

A

he married earl godwin’s daughter edith, which was arranged by godwin

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25
Q

what was edward’s rivalry with earl godwin

A

godwin was involved in the death of edward’s brother Alfred

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26
Q

why did edward have no direct heir

A

-took a vow of celibacy
or
-hated his father in law (earl godwin)

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27
Q

how were the 4 claimants related to edward

A
  • godwinson was edward’s brother-in-law
  • william was a distant cousin
  • hardrada had no blood ties to english royal families
  • edgar aethling great-nephew of edward and last anglo-saxon prince alive
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28
Q

what were the 4 claimants promises

A
  • godwinson was promised on edward’s death bed
  • william claimed that both edward and godwinson had visited him and promised him the throne
  • hardrada was promised kingdom of denmark by Harthacnut who was king of england, later tried to claim england because of earlier anglo-danish kingdom
  • it’s likely that edward wanted an anglo saxon prince
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29
Q

what were the 4 claimants political realities

A
  • godwinson was recognised as the most powerful man in England as he controlled the entire South
  • william was an ambitious ruler and wanted to build up his power
  • hardrada was a skilled commander and had secured control over his own land
  • edgar not consider strong enough to hold kingdom
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30
Q

who was harold godwinson

A
  • son of earl godwin
  • earl of wessex
  • brother-in-law of king
  • trusted by king edward to control affairs in england
  • controlled most key provinces
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31
Q

when did harold take an embassy to normandy

A

1064

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32
Q

why did godwinson go to normandy

A

sent by edward to confirm the english throne upon his death

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33
Q

what happened en route to normandy

A

harold’s ship blown off course

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34
Q

what happened in normandy

A

harold was captured but william secured his freedom so to repay harold joined william’s army

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35
Q

how did william gift harold

A

by giving him a set of chainmail

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36
Q

what did harold renew in normandy

A

the promise of the english throne to william

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37
Q

which earldom was tostig in charge of and why was it important

A

northumbria because it controlled a large amount of the north and made him powerful

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38
Q

why was northumbria important

A

next to scottish borders and near north east coast at threat of viking invasion

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39
Q

why was tostig unpopular

A

spent a lot of time away from northumbria in edward’s court

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40
Q

what happened in 1065

A

thegns of yorkshire rebelled against tostig and called for a new earl: morcar

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41
Q

what did king edward do to help tostig

A

sent harold to try and maintain peace

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42
Q

what did harold realise when he reached northumbria

A

that there was no way tostig could have controlled it

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43
Q

what did the king do in response to harold’s suggestion in northumbria

A

listened to rebels and replaced him with morcar

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44
Q

where did tostig go after being replaced

A

went into exile for many years and become enemies with his brother

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45
Q

who was the most important person in anglo saxon england and why

A

the king because he was head of government and made all key decision

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46
Q

king’s responsibilities

A
  • protect and defend his country from attack
  • pass laws and make sure people obeyed them
  • defend church and appoint leaders
  • manage earl and nobles to help him
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47
Q

two groups of people to help king

A
  • royal household

- royal court

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48
Q

who was in the royal household

A
  • the king
  • his family
  • king’s servants
  • housecarls
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49
Q

who was in the royal court

A
  • king’s household
  • chief landowners
  • bishops
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50
Q

how did officials spread the word of new laws

A

would write them down (called writs) and spread them round to officials around the country

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51
Q

what does witan mean

A

meeting of the wise men

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52
Q

who did the king call when he needed advice

A

the witan

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53
Q

when did the witan meet

A

when the king wanted to

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54
Q

why did the king call the witan

A

although he has the final decision it shows he respects them

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55
Q

what were the king and his administrators known as

A

central government

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56
Q

who was at the top of local goverment

A

earls

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57
Q

what were the 4 main earldoms

A

wessex
east anglia
northumbria
mercia

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58
Q

how many shires were there

A

around 40

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59
Q

who were in charge of shires and who appointed them

A

sheriffs appointed by king

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60
Q

responsibilities of a sheriff

A
  • collect taxes
  • raise army
  • enforce law and put major criminals in shire court
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61
Q

what was the main punishment in shires and hundreds

A

the wergild which was a fine paid to the victim’s families, serious crimes called for the death penalty

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62
Q

were there trials

A

yes by jury in shire and hundred courts, if verdict wasn’t decided then you were sent to trial by ordeal

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63
Q

who fought with hardrada at the battle of gate fulford

A

tostig, harold’s brother

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64
Q

how did hardrada enter england and what did he plan to do next

A

travelled up the river humber and set up camp in rickall, planned to go north to york

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65
Q

where was harold during gate fulford

A

south, defending an attack from Willaim’s army

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66
Q

who did harold send and what did they do instead of going to fight himself

A

earls of mercia and northumbria, edwin and morcar who rallied an army of 5,000

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67
Q

where did edwin and morcar’s army go and why

A

made a defensive shield wall between rickall and york to stop hardrada’s army from moving

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68
Q

when did the battle of gate fulford begin

A

10th september 1066

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69
Q

who had the upper hand at the beginning of gate fulford

A

the anglo saxons

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70
Q

who gained advantage in gate fulford and why

A

hardrada who managed to push anglo saxons back and destroyed both armies

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71
Q

what happened after gate fulford

A

york surrendered and submitted to viking army

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72
Q

what did york’s submission mean

A

recognised hardrada as king and helped to overthrow harold

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73
Q

when did hardrada set out for stamford bridge

A

25th september 1066

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74
Q

what did hardrada expect when he arrived at stamford bridge

A

prisoners and payments that were owed

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75
Q

what happened when hardrada arrived at stamford bridge

A

harold godwinson and his army

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76
Q

what happened during stamford bridge that didn’t help hardrada

A

his advantage with the river was broken up with the bridge

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77
Q

what did the battle of stamford bridge become

A

a brutal hand-to-hand combat

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78
Q

how did hardrada die

A

arrow to the windpipe

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79
Q

what happened after hardrada was killed

A

harold offered talks but was refused and viking reinforcements came

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80
Q

why was the battle of stamford bridge important to harold

A

he regained control of north and proved his military skills

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81
Q

what did harold do after he was told william was invading

A

gathered troops and marched down south to only stop in london to gather troops and supplies

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82
Q

what was harold’s aim for hastings

A

take william by surprise and defend his lands in wessex

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83
Q

what did harold do when he reached battle

A

organised troops very defensively on top of a ridge

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84
Q

advantages of harold’s location in hastings

A

gave him height and natural defences left and right

85
Q

who were behind housecarls at hastings

A

thegns, experienced part time soldiers

fyrd, some military training

86
Q

what weapons did harold’s army have at hastings

A

javelins, swords, bows, axes

87
Q

how did william arrange his army at hastings

A

in three divisions, each containing cavalry and infantry

88
Q

what date was the battle of hastings

A

14th october 1066

89
Q

what did william do after unsuccessful attempts trying to break shield wall

A

march up the hill, proved to be fateful as his men were attacked with missiles

90
Q

what happened when cavalry marched up the hill at hastings

A

slowed down by mud and attacked with ease by axes

91
Q

what happened after william was losing numbers

A

harold looked like he was about to win so panic broke out and some of army fled

92
Q

what did the saxons do when some of the normans fled

A

broke out and chased after them and were then slaughtered, but shield wall remained

93
Q

what did william do when it was said he was dead

A

lifted his helmet and showed his face to his men, lifted their spirits

94
Q

what did william do after a short break in battle

A

feigned another retreat so he could weaken the shield wall

95
Q

what did william do after feigned retreat

A

rallied troops to do final push with arrows and cavalry marching

96
Q

what happened after william rallied his troops

A

harold was killed and many of his troops fled

97
Q

what happened after harold’s troops fled

A

william forced his way up the hill and won the battle

98
Q

why did william have good military experience

A

fought many battles in normandy prior to hastings and had experience in large scale warfare after french invasions

99
Q

what lessons did william learn from his previous battles

A

taught him discipline and leadership and taught him tactics such as feigned retreat

100
Q

what did william do before setting off for england

A

had plenty of time to prepare his army and made sure his troops were fit and able, and made sure equipment was okay

101
Q

who did william send before setting off for england

A

spies to locate harold’s army

102
Q

what did william build when in england

A

a castle

103
Q

why was harold’s army physically weaker than wiliam’s

A

harold had a smaller number of troops and had lost crucial troops in battle of hastings and had marched a long way

104
Q

why was harold’s army mentally weaker than williams’

A

lacked discipline because many housecarls quickly replaced with peasants with little to no military skill

105
Q

why did william have luck on his side

A
  • harold had just fought another battle

- wind change allowed william to sail to england unchallenged

106
Q

what were some bad choices made by harold in hastings

A

rushed down south without properly resting and reinforcing his military, also could have let edwin and morcar catch up

107
Q

how did william provoke harold before hastings

A

attacked harold’s earldom of wessex so that william’s troops wouldn’t starve

108
Q

what did william do after hastings on his way to london

A

destroyed land showing that he was a powerful person

109
Q

who met with william and submitted to him

A

edwin and morcar and the Witan

110
Q

what is one of the reasons earls submitted to William

A

they hoped William would allow them to keep their wealth

111
Q

what did the Witan do before William was made King

A

briefly crowned Edgar who then quickly submitted to William

112
Q

what was one thing william did to reduce chances of rebellion and work with the english

A

kept edward’s laws and worked with existing english lords

113
Q

who did william let retain their titles

A

edwin and morcar, kept their lands

stigand and aldred, kept their places as archbishops

114
Q

who did william offer to buy back their lands

A

english thegns who did not fight at hastings

115
Q

whose lands did william give his followers

A

english landowners who had died at battle

116
Q

who received the land of wessex

A

william fitzosbern who was loyal to william

117
Q

what was william’s main concern at the marchers

A

powerful Welsh princes who could join forces with english rebels

118
Q

what did william create to help bring peace to marchers

A

three new earldoms which he gave to his loyal followers:

  • chester
  • shrewsbury
  • hereford
119
Q

what did the three new earls do successfully

A

brought peace to their earldoms and conquered some parts of wales bringing further stability

120
Q

where did william go in 1067 and who did he take

A

normandy, powerful englishmen to bring stability to both kingdoms

121
Q

who did william leave in charge when he went to normandy

A

bishop odo

william fitzosbern

122
Q

what years caused the most unrest for william

A

1067-71

123
Q

main features of william’s first castles

A

temporary ringwork castles that were fenced and had a bank or ditch

124
Q

main features of motte and bailey castles

A
  • low mound called a motte that had a wooden tower for defence
  • timber used because plenty of supply, later replaced with stone
  • bailey would be area where soldiers would live and store their weapons and war horses
125
Q

why were motte and bailey castles built later

A

ringwork castles could be erected very quickly, important for william maintaining his control
m and b castles took a while because the earth had to be dug up for the motte

126
Q

why were castles important for william

A
  • used to control local areas
  • used as a base for launching attacks and area of safety from defending attacks
  • store war horses and protect them from rebels
127
Q

why were war horses important to the normans

A

a knight in chainmail on a horse could cut through foot soldiers with ease

128
Q

where were castles located

A

all over england, most in towns where they could dominate the most in england

129
Q

which vulnerable areas were casltes built in

A

on the coast so they could defend against attack from scots and danes, and on border with wales

130
Q

what was destroyed to build castles

A

many people’s property, for example in york nearly 300 houses destroyed to make space

131
Q

what year did edwin and morcar revolt

A

1068

132
Q

where did edwin go and who with in 1067

A

morcar, archbishop stigand and edgar aethling to normandy

133
Q

what did william show to edwin in normandy

A

his duchy and the people in it

134
Q

what was one reason edwin was angry with william

A

he was promised to marry one of william’s daughters

135
Q

why was edwin not being able to marry william’s daughter important

A

he could have joined the royal family and he started to question william’s honesty

136
Q

why did morcar not trust william

A

replaced someone else as earl of northumbria even though he was promised to keep his land

137
Q

what happened in 1068 in relation to edwin and morcar

A

edgar aethling fled to scotland and edwin and morcar fled to midlands and north to rally against william

138
Q

who did edwin and morcar ally with to go against william

A

welsh princes

139
Q

how did william respond to edwin and morcar’s revolt

A
  • attack edwin’s lands in mercia
  • ordered building of castles in warwick and nottingham
  • marched to morcar’s land in northumbria
140
Q

how did edwin and morcar respond to william’s actions

A

surrendered before any war took place

141
Q

what did william do during his response to edwin and morcar’s revolt

A

did a lot of harrying by destroying land and crops to scare them

142
Q

what happened in january 1069

A

a norman army led by robert of comyn was sent north to ensure peace in area

143
Q

what happened to robert of comyn’s army

A

attacked by local rebellions in durham and was burnt to death

144
Q

what happened after robert of comyn was burnt

A

english army was gathered led by edgar aethling who crossed scottish border and laid siege to castle of york

145
Q

what happened after william heard news of castle of york

A

broke up the siege and rebellions fled, built a second castle before returning to winchester

146
Q

what threats did william face in the summer and autumn of 1069

A
  • large danish fleet invaded north east coast
  • edgar aethling led english rebels and took control of york
  • a threat of invasion from king malcolm of scotland
  • rebellions in south west and welsh border
  • normandy being attacked
147
Q

why was second rebellion in 1069 dangerous for william

A

real threat for william’s position as attacks were not centred in one location

148
Q

why was it dangerous for william that the rebellions in different locations

A

if scots, danes and welsh all attacked at once he would have had to split his army so he couldn’t attack with speed and surprise

149
Q

what was there a real threat of towards william in 1069

A

the scots danes and northern english all joining together under edgar aethling which would have been a force too big

150
Q

how did william defend against revolts in 1069

A

dealt with threats quickly and ruthlessly and stormed with fast pace to york

151
Q

what did william’s force and speed lead to

A

the english fleeing

152
Q

how did the danes help william with revolt threats

A

they didn’t do anything or joined forces and remained on their ships

153
Q

how did edgar aethling help william with revolt threats

A

didn’t have an army and scottish didn’t invade so he only had to fight against one enemy

154
Q

when did the harrying of the north take place

A

1069-70

155
Q

what was the harrying of the north

A

events in winter 1069-70 where william attacked the countryside and villages of north and north midlands

156
Q

where did harrying of the north start

A

yorkshire, then moved north to durham and northumberland

157
Q

where did harrying of the north continue

A

across penines to lancashire chesire and welsh border

158
Q

hallmarks of harrying of the north

A
  • burning of homes
  • destruction of crops
  • killing farm animals
159
Q

what did william’s actions at harrying risk

A

the local people starving to death

160
Q

who did william kill in harrying of north

A

people who tried to hide valuables or resist norman invasion

161
Q

what were some motives of harrying of north

A
  • anger at english leaders not accepting william as king
  • revenge for william’s men dead at rebellions
  • frustration/punishment at repeated rebellions
  • fear/warning of future rebellion
162
Q

what were immediate impacts of harrying of the north

A
  • loss of life
  • famine
  • entire villages destroyed with no residents
  • value of vilages decline
163
Q

what were long-term impacts of harrying of the north

A
  • greatly reduced the chances of further rebellion

- confirmed norman control of north

164
Q

what were some of the ways william maintained power

A
  • destruction of villages during harrying of north
  • ordered the mutilation of rebels by gouging out eyes and having hands and feet cut off
  • castles built to minimise threat of invasion, 2 built in york which was a big trouble spot
  • confiscation of lands and titles from english earls and giving them to norman lords
  • imprisonment of english earls such as morcar
  • domesday book kept an accurate record of all of england
  • generosity to loyal supporters and those faithful to him
165
Q

how much of england’s land did the church hold

A

25% and was very wealthy

166
Q

what did william speak to the pope about before he invaded england

A

convinced the pope that the anglo-saxon church was corrupt so he could approve of william’s invasion

167
Q

what did william do to the church in 1070

A

appointed lanfranc as archbishop of canterbury

168
Q

who was lanfranc

A

trusted bishop from st stephen in normandy

169
Q

what was william’s statement with appointing lanfranc

A

that a norman was head of the church of england

170
Q

what did william do to bishops during his reign

A

replaced every english bishop with a french one except for one

171
Q

what did william do to abbots during his reign

A

replaced all except 3 english abbots with french ones

172
Q

what did lanfranc do to the church

A

changed it to normanise it and consolidate his own power

173
Q

what did lanfranc do to the position of archibishop of canterbury

A

made him more powerful than the archbishop of york

174
Q

what did lanfranc arrange

A

regular councils with different bishops to push a reform in the church, whereas before they were very rare

175
Q

which role did lanfranc create

A

deputy bishops, these had a post but were not as important and made sure church services ran smoothly

176
Q

what was lanfranc’s aim with the anglo-saxon church

A

to rid it of corruption

177
Q

what did lanfranc do with monasteries

A

increased the amount and improved the education that monks received to allow them to spread message

178
Q

what buildings did lanfranc establish

A

church courts to deal with religious and moral crimes, priests tried here instead of king courts

179
Q

what opposition did lanfranc face

A
  • removal of relics caused outrage
  • monks and priests disliked norman service and prayer
  • opposition became violent. e.g. at glastonbury cathedral knights brought in and 3 monks killed
180
Q

what was the aim of the feudal system

A

to provide william with an army to defend his conquest of england

181
Q

what were the ranks of the feudal system

A
  • king
  • tenants-in-chief
  • knights
  • villains
182
Q

role of the king in the feudal system

A
  • owned all the land
  • gave land to most important supporters
  • held land but did not own it
183
Q

role of tenants-in-chief in feudal sytem

A
  • held land given by the king
  • in return paid homage
  • king chose their successor
  • gave land to knights who brought an army for the king
184
Q

role of knights in feudal system

A
  • knights looked after one or a few villages
  • village provided him enough to pay for war horse, armour and weapons
  • knights agreed to do military service for tenant-in-chief
185
Q

what did knights do with the land they were given

A

gave most away to locals but kept some for himself, locals worked on knight’s land in return for their own

186
Q

role of villains in feudal system

A
  • didn’t own any land
  • worked on knight’s land 2-3 days a week ensuring they had enough supplies
  • in return could work on land they received
187
Q

what did william need to develop after his conquest

A

a government that ran efficiently as well as being loyal to him

188
Q

why did william not need to make significant changes to government used by saxons

A
  • william ruled with strength of his character
  • made sure no one challenged his power
  • secured his position in central goverment
  • consulted earls on important decisions and made them feel valued
  • retained most of land to himself giving him power and income
189
Q

did fitzosbern and bishop odo do a good job

A

yes, a few rebellions but none were successful

190
Q

why did william make smaller earldoms

A

so that earls couldn’t get too powerful

191
Q

when did william order the domesday survey

A

christmas 1085

192
Q

what was the goal of the domesday survey

A

to detail how much land that he, lords and bishops owned

193
Q

how long did the domesday survey take

A

under a year using the efficient anglo saxon system

194
Q

how did william record land in the domesday survey

A

sent his men all around the country to measure value of land and record results in domesday book

195
Q

what did the domesday book allow wiliam to do

A
  • tax his people effectively because he knew everyone’s income
  • showed the english people he was a powerful and rich man
196
Q

what did the domesday book prevent

A

people lying about their wealth and avoiding tax

197
Q

what is one possible reason of the domesday book

A

in 1085, faced a threat of danish invasion and had to raise an army which cost him lots

198
Q

what is another possible reason of the domesday book

A

gave land to bishops in 1066 and didn’t record who he was giving it to

199
Q

how was bishop odo related to william

A

half-brother

200
Q

why did william appoint odo as bishop of bayeux

A

william wanted someone he could trust as bayeux very important

201
Q

what was bishop odo’s main interest

A

military and political issues rather than the church

202
Q

what was the value of the land that william gave to bishop odo

A

£3,000 a year which was a lot in comparison to other wealthy men who were £750 a year

203
Q

which earldom was bishop odo head of and why was it important

A

kent which was important against rebellions and invasions, proved his worth by defending kent in 1067 against william’s former ally

204
Q

who did bishop odo share his power with while he was regent

A

archbishop lanfranc

205
Q

what role did bishop odo have during the revolt of the earls in 1075

A

led the army which ended earl of norfolk which won william the battle

206
Q

what role did bishop odo have in 1080

A

lead the army that devastated northumbria after killing of bishop of durham

207
Q

why did william imprison odo

A

failed to obey order when told to stop a planned military exedition to italy, which contained troops william needed in 1082

208
Q

when was odo released from prison

A

5 years after

PPE (8 decks)

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