Aniko's Review

Question 1

What hormones are stimulated by a.a.’s?

Answer 1

?

Question 2

What is the glucose sensor enzyme? Where is it expressed?

Answer 2

?

Question 3

What does insulin do to liver?

Answer 3

?

Question 4

Which tissues express GLUT4?

Answer 4

SKM and adipose tissue

Question 5

What effects does insulin have on SKM?

Answer 5

?

Question 6

What effects does insulin have on adipose tissue?

Answer 6

• stim glucose uptake
• lipogenesis
• *It’s the building up hormone.
• activates lipoprotein lipase
• [keep going]

Question 7

Summarize (slide) insulin action

Answer 7

?

Question 8

What is most important counter-reg hormone? What’s it’s target?

Answer 8

glucagon, target liver

Question 9

What stimulates glucagon secretion? Where and how triggered?

Answer 9

low blood glucose; alpha cells of pancreas also have glucokinase

Question 10

What is GLP1 and why inhibit it?

Answer 10

glucagon-like peptide; enhances insulin

Question 11

What is c-peptide?

Answer 11

It is cleaved from pro-insulin and is found in a 1:1 ratio with insulin in the blood. Exogenous insulin does NOT have c-peptide (DDx of insulin poisoning)

Question 12

What is the insulin effect on lipoprotein lipase? On hormone-sensitive lipase?

What effect would counter-regulatory hormones have?

Answer 12

stimulates LPL activity and downregs HSL activity

counter-reg effect is opposite

Question 13

What are the metabolic effects of TH?

Answer 13

• incr basal metab rate
• reg water/ion transport
• cholest (decr)/fat metab (incr lipolysis)

Question 14

How is TH release reg’d?

Answer 14

TRH->TSH->T4->T3

-negative feedback at both hypothal and pit

Question 15

S/Sx of hyperthyreosis

Answer 15

-nervous, eat a lot, high BP, temp, lose wt., ex

Question 16

What is Graves’ dz?

Answer 16

auto-immune, Ig activates stimulates TSH receptor

Question 17

myxedema

Answer 17

non-pitting edema due to incr c.t. (e.g. proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid)

common sx of hypothyroidism

Question 18

pathophysiology of maternal iodine deficiency

Answer 18

mother is iodine deficient but has enough to make T3 so therefore mom is euthyroid, but cannot make t4

• only t4 can cross placenta
• fetus doesn’t get any TH, therefore
• TH is req’d for CNS development in utero
• causes MR

Question 19

What hormones regulate Ca2+?

Answer 19

PTH
1,25-(OH)2-D3
calcitonin

Question 20

PTH

Answer 20

essential
incr plasma [Ca} and REDUCE plasma [PO4]
-incr absorption in the gut
-incr reabsorption in the PT
-stimulate D3 synth in kidney?

In Bone:

• stimulates osteoclasts
• inhibits collagen formation

Question 21

When might you get acute low Ca2+?

Answer 21

anx attack—>hypervent—>acute resp acidosis

FINISH ME

Question 22

Effects of vitamin D3?

Answer 22

?

Question 23

How does parathyroid sense ca level?

Answer 23

-chief cells sense plasma [Ca] via GCPR

(B and E) incorrect

Question 24

What does gastrin do? Where is it made?

Answer 24

made in g-cells

• increases (with histamine and ACh) ups HCl production of parietal (oxyntic) cells of the stomach
• incr thickness of stomach mucosa
• gut motility

Question 25

What does CCK do?

Answer 25

-stims

Question 26

What stims CCK release?

Answer 26

peptides and a.a.'s in chyme = MAJOR stim of CCK release | -also:

Question 27

What does secretin do?

Answer 27

incr pancreatic release of HCO3- and H2O

Question 28

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

Answer 28

gastrinoma -tumor that produces a lot of gastrin -present with ulcers -

Question 29

How do you test for Z-E syndrome?

Answer 29

give exogenous secretin; in healthy pt this would decr gastrin -in Z-E pts gastrin is stimulated

Question 30

What is bombesin?

Answer 30

- a.k.a. GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide) | - releases gastrin (vagal: smell/see food)

Question 31

Leptin

Answer 31

made by adipocytes; stimulates satiety | -low leptin: leads to obesity

Question 32

ghrelin

Answer 32

made in stomach: hunger hormone; responds to low E state

Question 33

What is the effect of GH on blood sugar?

Answer 33

- initial hypoglycemia (b/c acts through IGF) | - long-term hyperglycemia

Question 34

What stimulates GH secretion?

Answer 34

GHRH and ghrelin - hypoglycemia - amino acids (arg) - Deep sleep (not REM) - Exercise

Question 35

What inhibits GH?

Answer 35

- somatostatin | - IGF and free FAs = negative feedback

Question 36

What is Laron dwarfism?

Answer 36

GH receptor not working right: high GH but low IGF

Question 37

Compare and contrast androgen and estrogen effects on growth

Answer 37

Androgen: promote linear growth initially Estrogen: decreases linear growth BOTH: will cause epiphyseal plate closure

Question 38

Inhibitors of prostaglandins

Answer 38

-aspirin—irreversible COX1 and COX2 inhibition | -

Question 39

prostaglandin I2

Answer 39

``` a.k.a. prostacyclin —antagonizes thromboxane -made in endothelial cells -prevents clotting -vaso-dialates ```

Question 40

Pathophysiology of ulcers in NSAID usage

Answer 40

Inhibition of COX1—>causes inhibition of Prostaglandin E which is protective against stomach acid —

Question 41

What was the problem with VIOXX?

Answer 41

inhibits prostacyclin but not thromboxane

Question 42

Respiratory alkalosis pathophys

Answer 42

?

Question 43

21-hydroxylase deficiency

Answer 43

?

Question 44

11-beta hydroxysteroid

Answer 44

AME (apparent mineralcoriticosteroid excess) - acts like aldosterone - HYPOkalemia

Question 45

Aldosterone, thirst and ADH on Sodium

Answer 45

- aldosterone regulates TOTAL BODY Na+ | - ADH and thirst regulate plasma [Na+]