Animal Anatomy and physiology Flashcards by Kara Blasius

Carry blood away from the heart.

Two types: Elastic and muscular

Arteries

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the process of drawing air into the lungs what we commonly call inhalation

inspiration

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where external respiration takes place, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and air

alveoli

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heart condition where one or more of the cardiac valves dont close all the way. When this happens a murmur is produced

valvular insufficiency

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the large vein that brings de-oxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the heart

vena cava

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trunk of the body, formed by the rib cage and the abdomen, the outside of the ribs

barrel

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starts with the bronchi, ends with the alveoli, and includes all the air passageways in between. All the structures are located within the lungs

lower respiratory tract

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has three main functions: transportation, regulation, and defense. fluid connective tissue that flows throughout the entire body.

Blood

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the blood contained in the cardiovascular system

Whole Blood

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Whole blood circulating in blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials.
When you obtain an animals blood sample from a vein or artery you are taking this type of blood

Peripheral Blood

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Filters blood and produces a hormone called erythropoietin which simulates Red bone marrow to increase production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
failure often accompanies anemia

kidneys

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skeletal muscles are attached to bones at both ends by tough, fibrous connective tissue bands

tendons

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the left and right halves of an animal’s body are essentially mirror images of each other. EX: kidneys, lungs, and legs

Bilateral symmetry

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area at the base of the neck between the frount legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum (chest)

brisket

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Very heavy dense and stong. Makes up shafts of long bones and outside layer of all bones

compact bones

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long, flat, abdominal organ located near the first portion of the small intestine has both exocrine and
Produces three hormones: insulin, somatostatin, and glucagon

Pancreas

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named for their proximity to the kidneys. Located near the cranial ends of the kidneys.

adreanal glands

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Cells that form bone. They secrete the matrix of bone and then supply the minerals necessary to harden it

Osteoblasts

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arterioles branch into many microscopic blood vessels. do not occur singly but in groups called beds or networks

capillaries

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makes hormone that helps maintain blood calcium homrostasis, found in on, or near thyroid glands.

parathyroid glands

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the process of pushing air out of the lungs

expiration

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the rate of alternating streching and recoiling of the elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through it with each heartbeat

pulse

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in order to get the blood to the heart the capillaries join together to form these tiny veins

Venules

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Are responsible for bringing the heart nourishment and oxygen and carrying away waste materials

coronary arteries & coronary veins

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contains the brain and spinal cord that is the central nervous system. Consists of two parts: A somewhat spherical cranial cavity in the skull and a long narrow spinal cavity running down the spine

dorsal body cavity

the most complex level of body organization groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities Ex: digestive system

organ systems

large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animals

cannon

joint between cannon bone and proximal phalanx of hoofed animals

fetlock

toward the body. This end of the tail attached it to the body it is also called the tailhead

proximal

made up of four dense fibrous connective tissue rings and has four primary functions: separates the atria and ventricles, anchors the heart valves, provides some electrical insulation between the atria and the ventricles

skeleton of the heart

in humans superior is used in place of cranial

superior

in humans is used in place of caudal

inferior

there are four that control the blood flow through the heart : 1.) mitral 2.) tricuspial 3.) aortic valve 4.)pulmonary

valves of the heart

only found in the heart involuntary striated muscle. called involuntary because its contractions are not under conscious control. The striated part of the name is given because under the microscope its cells have the same kind of striped appearance as skeletal muscle cells

Cardiac Muscle

there are four chambers or cavities. two atria the receive blood into the heart, and two ventricles that pump blood out of the heart

chambers of the heart

in humans takes the place of ventral meaning toward the belly or down direction

away from the median plane. The medial surface of an animals leg i the one closest to its body. The lateral surface of the leg is the outer surface

lateral

toward the tail, a horses shoulder is located cranial to its hip. the caudal end of the sterum (breastbone) is called the xiphoid process

caudal

the volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle oven a unit of time. Usually 1 minute. In a healthy animal it has to be sufficient to supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the animals body.

cardiac output

used only to describe positions or directions on the head or toward the tip of the nose.

rostral

toward the head

cranial

in humans takes the place of dorsal meaning toward the back

posterior

means toward the belly (bottom surface) of a standing animal

ventral

toward the back (top surface) of a standing animal

dorsal

also known as thrombocytes. They are not complete cells, but are pieces of cytoplasm that bud off from giant, multinucleated bone marrow cells called megakaroycytes and are sent into the circulation.

platelets

means toward the median plane

medial

the general term for the formation of white blood cells.

leukopoiesis

production of platelets, begins when a specific stimulant acts on the unipotential stem cell in the red bone marrow causing it to differentiate into a megakaryocyte

thrombopoiesis

the process by which red blood cells are created

erythropoiesis

relatively thin and flat Ex: skull bones, shoulder blades, and pelvic bones

Flat Bones

moves the bones of the skeleton only found in the heart. Called voluntary because it is under the control of the conscious mind

skeletal muscle or voluntary striated muscle

1. ) transporting oxygen to tissues 2. ) transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs 3. ) maintaining cell shape and deformability

the three main functions of red blood cells

contains most of the soft organs, much larger then the dorsal cavity, divided by the thin diaphram muscle into cranial thoracic cavity, also known as the thorax or chest, also known as the adbomen

ventral body cavity

sometimes called spongy bone because it looks like a sponge. Consists of tiny spicules of bone that appear random arranged with lots of spaces between them

cancellous bone

transmits information around the body and controls body functions. transmits sensory information from the body to the brain, processes the information and sends instructions out to tell the body how to react to changing conditions

nervous tissue

found all over the body but not in distinct structures like skeletal muscles and the heart. found in two main forms: large sheets of cells in the walls of some hollow organs and as a small discrete group of cells

smooth muscle

the production of all blood cells that occurs as a continuous process throughout an animals life

hematopoiesis

receive blood from large veins that carry blood to the heart. When filled with blood the walls contract and force blood through one-way valves into the ventricles

atria

make up 5% to 6% of the circulating white blood cells in all common domestic species. are the largest blood cells in circulation.

monocytes

account for 40% to 75% of circulating leukocytes and are most abundant white blood cell type in the blood of dogs, cats, and horses.

neutrophils

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction or systole. another name for the stroke volume is systolic discharge

stroke volume (sv)

consists of two parts called lobes. composed of tens of thousands of tiny follicles where thyroid hormone is produce. thyroid hormone is what controls the body's heat

thyroid gland

area dorsal to scapulas

withers

holds the body together and gives it support. ranges from very soft, such as adipose tissue to very firm such as cartilage and bone

connective tissue

heart condition where any one or more of the cardiac valves dont open all the way. again a murmur is produced by turbulent blood flow

valvular stenosis

away from the body. The toes are located on the distal end of the leg

distal

the back surface of the front leg from the carpus distally

palmar surface

provide communication between leukocytes and other cells. part of the innate immune system. signaling proteins

cytokines

a group of 30+ plasma proteins mostly inactive proteolytic, which are always present in plasma

complement system

two kidneys. two ureters. one bladder. one urethra

parts of the urinary system

one way the body can remove pathogens in the blood fulids and the body tissues. Includes 5 steps 1.) activation and chemotaxis 2.) attachment 3.)ingestion or endocytosis 4.) destruction 5.) exocytosis

phagocytosis

make up of groups of tissues that work together for common purpose Ex: kidney brain, heart, and uterus

organs

moves the body inside and out, It exsits as three types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

muscle tissue

the bodys localized reaction created by the innate immune system in response to trauma, infection, chemical exposure, or excessive heat. The four signs are: redness, swelling, heat, and pain

inflammation

when cells group together. The entire animals body is made up of only four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

tissues

lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs (where cinch goes on a horse)

flank

carpus of hoofed animals

knee

composed entirely of cells, and its main jobs are to cover body surfaces, secrete materials, and absorb materials.

epithelial tissue

used to replace fluid or blood that has been lost or destroyed. involves taking blood or a blood component from a donor animal and injecting it into recipient animal

transfusion therapy

rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones

muzzle

toward center of the body or body part

deep/internal

nodules of lymphoid tissue that are not covered with a capsule. they are found epithelial surfaces all over the body. prevent the spread of infection into the respiratory and digestive systems

Tonsils

the soft tissue interior of the spleen is divided into two areas, white pulp and red pulp

spleen tissue

can clone themselves during immune response

white pulp spleen tissue

filters out antigens and other foreign material from lymph and remove dead, dying, and abnormal red blood cells.

red pulp spleen tissue

a tongue-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdomen. near the stomach in simple-stomach animals and near the rumen in ruminants. stores red blood cells and produces red blood cells during fetal development. also filters the blood and lymph

spleen

a substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out all of its normal functions. divided into 6 categories: water, carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals

nutrients

do not fir into the long, short, or flat categories | Ex: vertebrae, sesamoid bones, and patella

irregular bones

a depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone. usually occupied by muscles or tendons

fossa

a hole in a bone. usually something such as a nerve or blood vessel passes through

formen

longer then they are wide. most bones of the limbs | Ex: femur and humerus

long bones

shaped like small cubes or marshmellows. consist of a core of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone Ex: carpal and tarsal bones

short bones

small, kidney bean shaped filters located at various points along lymphatic vessels. they trap antigens and other foreign material

lymph nodes

found only in birds and is similar in structure and function to the thymus. round sac that sits right above the cloaca

bursa of fabricius

starts out as excess tissue fluid that is picked up by small lymph capillaries found in the interstitial spaces of soft tissue. classified as primary and secondary

lymph/ lymphoid

provides defense for the body against foreign invaders

white blood cells

number of times the ventricle contracts or beats in 1 minute. based in part on the rate at which the SA node spontaneously depolarizes

Heart Rate (HR)

the joint between the femur and the tibia

stifle

top of head between the bases of the ears

poll

the caudal end of the sternum (breastbone)

xiphoid process

area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals

pastern

includes: nose, nasal passages, throat, voice box, and wind pipe. all of the air that enters and leaves the lungs goes through this

upper respiratory tract

a tube that exsits the kidney at the hilus and connects to the urinary bladder near the neck of the bladder at its caudal end.

ureters

Animal Anatomy and physiology Flashcards

EXAM FLASHCARDS (103 cards)