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BIOL2030 > Animal architecture and Unicellular eukaryotes > Flashcards

Animal architecture and Unicellular eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Protoplasmic level of organization

A
  • All life functions within a cell
  • Differentiated organelles that perform specific functions
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2
Q

Cellular level of organization

A
  • Aggregation of cells exhibiting functional differentiation
  • Division of labor between cells (eg., reproduction, nutrition)
  • CELLS NOT ORGANIZED INTO TISSUES
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3
Q

Cell-tissue level of organization

A

-Aggregation of cells into tissues
- tissues are defined by patterns and layers

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4
Q

Tissue-organ level of organization

A

-Aggregation of tissues into organs
- Organs are made up of more than one kind of tissue (parenchyma and stroma)

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5
Q

parenchyma

A

cells that carry out main function of the organ (ie., secreting cells of pancreas: insulin)

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6
Q

stroma

A

cells/ connective tissue that support organ structure (ie., capsuled pancreas: provide structural support for pancreas)

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7
Q

Which organs work together to constitute the digestive system?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity, esophagus, intestine, pharynx, stomach)
  2. Accessory digestive organs ( salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas)
  • both carry out nutrition in the body
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8
Q

Tissue

A
  • An organization of like cells
  • The fundamental structure of which animal organs are composed
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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Sheet of cells that cover an external or internal surface
  • Different types exist
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10
Q

Connective tissue

A

Diverse group of tissues, specialized to bind and support other tissues
- collagen is main protein

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11
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Specialized for voluntary and involuntary movement of various organs

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12
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Specialized for reception and conduction of stimuli and impulses

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13
Q

simple squamous epithelia

A
  • flattened cells (like carpet)
  • facilitates movement of gases and other molecules (blood, capillaries, lungs)
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14
Q

simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  • short, boxlike cells
  • active secretory of absorptive functions (kidney, salivary glands)
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15
Q

simple columnar epithelia

A
  • tall elongated cells
  • often associated with highly absorptive surfaces (intestinal tract)
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16
Q

stratified squamous epithelia

A
  • layered to withstand mild mechanical abrasion (layers of cells on top of one another)
  • basal cells push upward (oral cavity, esophagus)
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17
Q

Transitional epithelia

A
  • stratified but specialized to accomodate stretching (urinary tract, bladder)
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18
Q

Noncellular components

A
  • remove cells from fluids and connective tissues
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19
Q

Body fluids

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A
  • Multicellular animals contain two fluid compartment:
    1. intracellular space (within cells)
    2. extracellular space (outside cells)
20
Q

Blood plasma

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A

fluid portion of blood outside cells
- extracellular space

21
Q

interstitial fluid

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A

occupies space surrounding cells

22
Q

extracellular structural elements

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A

SUPPORTIVE MATERIAL
- loose connective “tissue”
- cartilage
- bone
-cuticle

23
Q

Asymmetry

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A

no body axis and no plane of symmetry

24
Q

Spherical symmetry

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A
  • any plane passing through center divides equally
  • rare, only found in unicellular eukaryotes (radiolarians)
  • no differentiation along an axis
25
Radial symmetry
- divided equally by more than two planes passing through the longitudinal axis - rare, eg., polyps, some sponges - most forms are modified (pentaradial)
26
Bilateral symmetry
- body parts oriented around a single anterior to posterior axis - division around the saggital plane results in two equal halves - associated with cephalization - animal usually moves head first such that the anterior of the animal confronts environment first
27
The coelom
- fluid filled cavity between outer body wall and gut - enables internal organ to grow larger and become more sophisticated - fluid cushions internal organs which prevents injury - allows compartmentalization of body parts - acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, providing support for soft-bodied animals
28
Acoelomate
- no true coelom (no body cavity) - region between the ectoderm and gut are occupied - FLATWORM - parenchyma (mesoderm)
29
Pseudocoelomate
- possess a pseudocoel - "tube within a tube" arrangement - ROUNDWORM - no peritoneum (no cellular membrane derived from mesoderm)
30
Coelomate
- true coelom lined with peritoneum - EARTHWORM
31
What is the body cavity within bilateral animals?
The coelom
32
Paraphyletic group
- most recent common ancestor is also the ancestor of animals, plants and fungi - the group does not include all the descendants of the common ancestor - NOT A CLADE
33
What are the three locomotions in unicellular eukaryotes?
- Ciliary motion - Flagellar motion - Amoeboid motion
34
Ciliary motion
Cilia: hair-like outgrowths from surface of the cell - fastest ciliates are up to 720 cm/h - CILIATES ARE THE FASTES UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTES
35
Flagellar motion
Flagella: whip-like outgrowth from surface of cell - fastest flagellate up to 72 cm/h - Flagellates are only 1/10 the speed of ciliates
36
Amoeboid locomotion
Pseudopodia: a free form projection of the cell - Pseudopodia are extremely slow (only 1.8 cm/h top speed)
37
Ciliary locomotion
A cilium propels water parallel to the surface of attachment - provides the means for 'directed' movement - prevents stagnant layer of water accumulating around the body
38
Ciliary beating (circular motion)
a circular motion with 2 components: - power stroke - recovery stroke
39
Power stroke
stiffened cilia propel water parallel to cell surface - moves from the left
40
recovery stroke
cilia bends towards body to reduce resistance - moves to right direction
41
What is ciliary locomotion?
- the body of is covered with cilia and the movement of organism is achieved by ciliary beating
42
What is metachronal beating?
sequential action as opposed to synchronizing - Cilia beat can reverse permitting avoidance reaction - Cilia beat obliquely (i.e. at an angle), therefore organism moves in a spiral path
43
Flagellar locomotion
Flagellum propels water parallel to the main axis of the flagellum - bending in opposite directions along the flagellum to produce a wave action along the flagellum - flagellated cells usually have only a few flagella or even just a single flagellum
44
Tractellum
- a flagellum that draws water toward and over the cell body
45
What is the direction of movement in sessile flagellates?
- Moves water across cell surface (i.e. prevents stagnation) - Brings food particles towards the organism
46
Pulsellum
– a flagellum that propels the cell in a cell body first direction. In free-living flagellates: - Moves organism through water like a tadpole
47
AMOEBOID LOCOMOTION
- Classic amoeboid locomotion uses cytoplasmic streaming & large blunt pseudopodia (lobopodia) 2 forms of actin: - Globular actin (endoplasm: fluid state, plasmasol): subunits dissociated - Filamentous actin (ectoplasm: gel-like, plasmagel); subunits into filamets, filaments crosslink

BIOL2030 (3 decks)

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