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Evolution > Animal Behavior Definitions > Flashcards

Animal Behavior Definitions Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Animal Behavior

A

Any internally coordinated, externally visible pattern of activity that responds to changing external or internal conditions.

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2
Q

Ethogram

A

A formal Description of an animal’s behavior.

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3
Q

Time budget

A

A summary of the total time and relative frequency of different behaviors of an individual.

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4
Q

Process of science

A

Observing events, organizing knowledge, and providing explanations through the formulation and testing of hypotheses.

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Explanation based on assumptions that make a testable prediciton.

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6
Q

Research question

A

A formal statement of an unknown that begins the scientific method.

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7
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

Statistical hypothesis that the proposed explanation for an observation does significantly affect the behavior of an organism.

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8
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

The statistical hypthesis that an observation results from chance. Also called the hypothesis of no effect.

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9
Q

Negative results

A

An outcome in which the null hypthesis is not rejected, and thus the atlernate hypothesis is rejected.

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10
Q

Correlation

A

Two variables that vary rogether predictably

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11
Q

Scientific Theories

A

Hypotheses that have been tested many times, by many different scientists, and have not been rejected. These are conceptual framework that explains many phenomena and are well supported by observations and experimental tests.

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12
Q

Proximate explanation

A

A behavior that focuses on understanding a behavior mechanism. no evolution

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13
Q

Ultimate explanation

A

Behavior that requires evolutionary reasoning/analysis.

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14
Q

Operant chamber

A

Enclosure used to study behavioral conditioning

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15
Q

Skinner box

A

Enclosure used to study behavioral conditioning

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16
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Using human motivations, characteristics, and emotions to animals.

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17
Q

Handling time

A

The time it takes to manipulate a food item so its ready to eat.

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18
Q

Observational method

A

When scientists observe and record the behavior of an organism without manipulating the environment or animal.

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19
Q

Experimental method

A

When scientists change manipulate or change a variable to examine how it affects the behavior of an animal.

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20
Q

Control group

A

When a group that is not manipulated is compared to a group that is maniuplated for results.

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21
Q

Comparative method

A

An approach used to examine differences and similarities between species to understand the evolution of behavioral traits.

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22
Q

Phylogeny

A

Branching diagram showing hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms. aka phylogenic tree

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23
Q

Derived trait

A

Trait found in an organism that was not found in the last common ancestor aka apomorphic trait.

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24
Q

Sister species

A

Two species that are more closely related to one another than to any other species, species that share a recent common ancestor.

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25
Replacement
Ethical guideline that encourages the use of computer modeling, recordings, or other approaches in place of actual animals.
25
Scientific misconduct
Violation of ethical behavior standards in science. Usually involves the falsification or fabrication of data and plagirism.
26
Reduction
Ethical guideline that promotes limiting the number of animals subject to disturbance in research or teaching.
27
Refinement
Ethical Guideline that involves improving procedures and techinques to minimize pain and stress for animals.
28
Primary literature
Original source of scientific information, typically peer reviewed scientific journals.
29
Peer review
Process in which editors of scientific journals ask experts to review a submitted paper to determine wheter to accept or reject it for publication.
30
Secondary literature
A report, which often appears in newspapers, magazines, and books, that summarizes and interprets the primary literature.
30
Natural Selection
Process of differential reproduction and survivorship among individuals within a population.
31
Heritable
Characteristic of a trait that can be passed from parents to their offspring due to it being genetically based.
32
Evolution
Changes in allele frequency or trait values in a population over time.
33
Fitness
The survivorship and reproductive success of an individual.
34
Parent-offspring regression
Statistical technique used to exmaine the similarity between parents and their offspring in terms of the traits they possess
35
Selection experiment
An experiemnt in which different groups of individuals are subjected to differential selection on a trait.
36
Phenotype (P)
Observable traits of an individual.
37
Compass
Instrument or capability that provides informatoin about direction.
38
Frequency-dependent selection
Evolutionary process in which the fitness of a trait is relatied to its frequency in a population.
39
Adaptation
Trait that enhances fitness (survivorship and reproduction) also an evolutionary process that results in a popualtion of individuals with traits best suited to the current environment.
40
Directional selection
Situation which individuals with one extreme trait value in a population possess the highest fitness.
41
Disruptive selection
A situation in which individuals with either of two extreme trait values a population possess the highest fitness.
42
Stabilizing selection
Mode of selection in which individuals with intermediate trait values in a population have the highest fitness in a particular environment
43
Competition
Interaction that results in a reduction in fitness for one or both individuals.
44
Optimal trait value
Trait value that confers the highest fitness in a population in a particular environment.
45
Cost-benefit approach
Method used to study behavioral adaptations in which the fitness benefits and costs of different traits are examined to determine which has the highest net benefit.
46
Game theory
A cost-benefit modeling approach in which an individual's fitness is affected by the behavior of others.
47
Evolutionary stable strategy
A strategy that if adopted by a population cannot be invaded by another strategy because it yields the highest fitness
47
Individual selection
Natural selection acting on individuals
48
Cooperative behavior
A mutually beneficial interaction between individuals.
49
Group selection
form of selection that favors particular groups of individuals over other such groups.
50
Direct fitness
Genes contributed to the next generation by an individual due to its own reproduction.
51
Indirect fitness
genes contributed to the next generation by an individual as a result of helping non-offspring kin produce additional offspring
52
Inclusive fitness
The sum of an individual’s direct and indirect fitness.
53
Kin selection
A form of natural selection in which individuals can increase their fitness by helping close relatives, who share the helper’s genes.
54
Multilevel selection
Form of selection that can act simultaneously on individuals and groups. In some circumstances, selection may be stronger on groups than individuals.
55
Sexual selection
A form of natural selection that acts on heritable traits that affect reproduction.
56
Sexual dimorphism
Morphological differences between the sexes.
57
Heritability (H2)
The proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is due to genetic variation.
57
Genotype (G)
The genetic makeup of an individual.
58
Epistasis (I)
Interactions between genes at different loci.
59
Fixed action pattern
A behavior that is invariant, unlearned, and, once initiated, always completed.
60
Wild type
The typical form of an organism or gene in nature.
61
Pleiotropy
A situation in which a single gene affects more than one phenotypic trait.
62
knockout technique
A procedure in which a single gene is rendered nonfunctional.
63
Quantitative trait loci
Stretches of DNA that either contain or are linked to genes influencing a trait such as behavior.
64
QTL mapping
A statistical technique that combines genetic information with trait information to determine which regions of the genome contain the genes that influence the trait QTLs.
65
Gene expression
The process in which gene products are produced.
66
Genome
The complete DNA of an organism.
67
Rover
One type of genetic and behavioral variant in fruit flies. Larval rovers have longer foraging trails than sitters in the presence of food and are more likely to leave a food patch.
68
Sitter
One type of genetic and behavioral variant in fruit flies. Larval sitters have shorter foraging trails than rovers in the presence of food and are less likely to leave a food patch.
68
Genomics
Study of the structure, function, and evolution of genomes by examining gene expression.
69
Personality
Consistent relative differences in behavior among individuals over time or across different environmental contexts.

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