Animal Bio Cont'd

Question 1

An epitope is

a) part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells
b) a protein protruding from the surface of B cells
c) a mirror image of an antigen
d) two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma
e) that part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor

Answer 1

E)the part of an antigen that actually binds to an antigen receptor

Question 2

A key part of the humoral immune response is

a) the production of antibodies by plasma cells
b) the attack of phagocytes on living pathogens
c) the attack of cytotoxic T cells on infected host cells
d) perforation of infected host cells by perforin
e) the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells

Answer 2

the production of antibodies by plasma cells.

Question 3

Urea is produced in the

a) liver from NH3 and CO2.
b) bladder from uric acid and H2O.
c) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids.
d) kidneys from glucose.
e) liver from glycogen.

Answer 3

a) liver from NH3 and CO2

Question 4

The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule

a) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred.
b) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman’s capsule.
c) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones.
d) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus.
e) results from active transport.

Answer 4

d) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus

Question 5

The osmolarity of human urine

a) can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma.
b) is always greater than plasma osmolarity.
c) is always less than plasma osmolarity.
d) is always exactly equal to plasma osmolarity.
e) is determined primarily by the concentration of glucose.

Answer 5

a) can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma

Question 6

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

a) urea can be exchanged for Na+.
b) urea is less toxic than ammonia.
c) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia.
d) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient.
e) less nitrogen is removed from the body.

Answer 6

b) urea is less toxic than ammonia

Question 7

In active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is

a) acquisition and activation of antibodies.
b) the requirement of secretion of interleukins from macrophages.
c) the transfer of antibodies from the mother across the placenta.
d) the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen.
e) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow.

Answer 7

d) the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen

Question 8

Antigens are

a) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains.
b) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump.
c) proteins embedded in B cell membranes.
d) proteins released during an inflammatory response.
e) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

Answer 8

e) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies

Question 9

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

a) transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction
b) binding to the troponin complex, which then relocates tropomyosin.
c) breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges.
d) reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential.
e) spreading action potentials through the T tubules.

Answer 9

b) binding to the troponin complex, which then relocates tropomyosin

Question 10

The first cavity formed during sea urchin development is the
A) blastopore.
B) mouth.
C) blastocoel.
D) anus.

Answer 10

c) Blastocoel

Question 11

In a frog embryo, gastrulation

a) is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the ovum.
b) occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.
c) produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.
d) proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.
e) occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.

Answer 11

d) proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore

Question 12

The vertebrate ectoderm is the origin of the

Answer 12

nervous system

Question 13

As an embryo develops, new cells are produced as the result of

Answer 13

cell division

Question 14

The embryonic precursor to the human spinal cord is the

a) archenteron
b) set of bilateral somites
c) neural tube
d) notochord
e) mesoderm

Answer 14

c) neural tube

Question 15

The cells involved in innate immunity, whose absence increases the chances of developing malignant tumours, are

a) helper T cells
b) natural killer cells
c) macrophages
d) cytotoxic T cells
e) B cells

Answer 15

b) natural killer cells

Question 16

Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence.
I. Pathogen is destroyed.
II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes.
IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous.
V. Only memory cells remain.

Answer 16

III -> IV -> II -> I -> V

III) Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes
IV) Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous
II) Lymphocytes secrete antibodies
I) Pathogen is destroyed
V) Only memory cells remain

Question 17

Stratified cuboidal epithelium is composed of

a) a tight layer of square cells attached to a basement membrane
b) a hierarchical arrangement of flat cells
c) an irregularly arranged layer of pillarlike cells
d) several layers of boxlike cells
e) a layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting cells

Answer 17

d) several layers of boxlike cells

Question 18

A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will

a) immediately relax
b) fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of “rigour”
c) sequester all free calcium ions into a sarcoplasmic reticulum
d) release all actin-myosin bonds
e) enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate

Answer 18

e) enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate

Question 19

A chemical signal operating in a paracrine manner is one that

a) affects only the cells that synthesize the paracrine signal
b) is active at a neuronal synapse
c) requires transport in the blood before it can act on its target cells
d) evokes responses from all parts of the vascular system
e) must move through the air before it reaches its target cells

Answer 19

b) is active at a neuronal synapse

Question 20

Muscles are joined to bones by

a) Haversian systems
b) spindle fibres
c) tendons
d) ligaments
e) loose connective tissue

Answer 20

c) tendons

Question 21

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

a) digestion
b) ingestion
c) elimination
d) absorption
e) hydrolysis

Answer 21

d) absorption

Question 22

Analysis of jawbones from the skeletal remains of a vertebrate animal reveal its dietary patterns owing to

a) the position of muscle attachment sites
b) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth
c) the evidence of food molecules still present
d) the size of the mouth opening
e) whether the mouth is the most anterior structure

Answer 22

b) the prevalence of specific kinds of teeth

Question 23

After ingestion by humans, the first category of macromolecules to be chemically digested by enzymes in the mouth is

a) nucleic acids
b) cholesterol and other lipids
c) minerals
d) proteins
e) carbohydrates

Answer 23

e) carbohydrates

Question 24

Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having

a) secretions enter the stomach from the pancreas
b) a high level of secretion by chief cells
c) a sufficient colony of H. pylori
d) a high level of secretion from parietal cells
e) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

Answer 24

e) a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells

Question 25

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that

a) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach
b) is denatured and rendered inactive in solutions with low pH
c) is manufactured by the pancreas
d) splits maltose into monosaccharides
e) helps stabilize fat-water emulsions

Answer 25

a) begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach

Question 26

An endoskeleton is the primary body support for the

a) annelids, including earthworms
b) cartilaginous fishes, including sharks
c) insects, including beetles
d) bivalves, including clams
e) crustaceans, including lobsters

Answer 26

b) cartilaginous fishes, including sharks

Question 27

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

a) motor neuron axons
b) motor neuron dendrites
c) sensory neuron dendrites
d) T tubules
e) sensory neuron axons

Answer 27

a) motor neuron axons

Question 28

All skeletal muscle fibres are both

a) smooth and under voluntary control
b) striated and under voluntary control
c) striated and electrically coupled to neighbouring fibres
d) smooth and under involuntary control
e) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibres

Answer 28

b) striated and under voluntary control

Question 29

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have

a) branched tracheae
b) hemolymph
c) a closed circulatory system
d) an open circulatory system
e) a gastrovascular cavity

Answer 29

c) a closed circulatory system

Question 30

To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross

a) four membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining in the pulmonary capillary - and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood
b) zero membranes—oxygen binds directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
c) two membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung—and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood.
d) five membranes—in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell—to bind with hemoglobin.
e) one membrane—that of the lining in the lungs—and then bind directly to hemoglobin, a protein dissolved in the plasma of the blood.

Answer 30

d) five membranes - in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell - to bind with hemoglobin

Question 31

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

a) the capillaries
b) the metarterioles
c) the veins
d) the arteries
e) the arterioles

Answer 31

a) the capillaries

Question 32

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

a) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries
b) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls
c) loss of fluid from capillaries
d) increased diffusion of CO2
e) increased diffusion of Hb

Answer 32

b) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

Question 33

In a relaxed skeletal muscle, actin is not chemically bound to

a) tropomyosin
b) troponin
c) myosin
d) Z lines

Answer 33

Myosin

Question 34

Why might animal hormones function differently than plant hormones?

a) Animal receptors are very different than plant receptors
b) Plant cells have a cell wall that blocks passage of many hormones
c) Plants must have more precise timing of their reproductive activities
d) Plants are much more variable in their morphology and development than animals
e) Animal receptors are more hydrophobic than plant receptors

Answer 34

Plants are much more variable int heir morphology and development than animals

Question 35

The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is

a) chymotrypsin
b) fibrin
c) thrombin
d) prothrombin
e) collagen

Answer 35

b) fibrin

Question 36

The activation of T cells is likely

a) when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumour cell
b) in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test
c) when B cells respond to T-independent antigens
d) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell
e) when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines

Answer 36

d) when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell

Question 37

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of B cells in the humoral immune response.

a) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released
b) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released
c) natural killer cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis
d) B cell internalizes antigen → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed→ activated helper T cell binds to B cell and releases cytokines → B cell proliferates and differentiates
e) B cell internalizes antigen → helper T cell binds to class II MHC molecule-antigen complex → B cell proliferates and differentiates → activated helper T cell binds to B cell and releases cytokines

Answer 37

d) B cell internalizes antigen -> class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed -> activated helper T cell binds to B cell and releases cytokines -> B cell proliferates and differentiates

Question 38

The function of antibodies is to

a) release perforins to disrupt infected cells
b) secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites
c) act as Toll-like receptors
d) inject toxins into living pathogens
e) mark pathogenic cells for destruction

Answer 38

e) mark pathogenic cells for destruction

Question 39

Naturally acquired passive immunity results from the

a) injection of antibodies
b) ingestion of interferon
c) placental transfer of antibodies
D) injection of vaccine
e) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes

Answer 39

c) placental transfer of antibodies

Question 40

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by

a) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only
b) antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes
c) the release of cytokines by activated B cells
d) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes, antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes, and the release of cytokines by activated B cells
e) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes

Answer 40

a) the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes and antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes only

Question 41

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because

a) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion
b) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate
c) excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic
d) excreted amino acids are in abundance
e) potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity

Answer 41

b) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate

Question 42

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

a) it is the body’s only means of shedding excess nutrients.
b) it has membranes of varying permeability to water.
c) it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps.
d) it stores the body’s excess fats.
e) it has an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle.

Answer 42

c) it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps

Question 43

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from

a) the glomerulus.
b) Bowman’s capsule.
c) the proximal tubule.
d) the loop of Henle.
e) the collecting duct.

Answer 43

e) the collecting duct

Question 44

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

a) filtration
b) ultrafiltration
c) secretion
d) Active transport
e) selective reabsorption

Answer 44

e) selective reabsorption

Question 45

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

a) phospholipids and glycolipids
b) triglycerides and steroids
c) proteins and nucleic acids
d) starch and cellulose
e) fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 45

c) proteins and nucleic acids

Question 46

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

a) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure
b) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate
c) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure
d) expulsion of urine from the body
e) selective elimination of ions and toxins from body fluids

Answer 46

e) selective elimination of ions and toxins from body fluids

Question 47

Inflammatory responses typically include

a) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma
b) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection
c) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow
d) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area
e) increase activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

Answer 47

e) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

Question 48

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

a) ammonia
b) urea
c) ammonium
d) uric acid

Answer 48

d) uric acid

Question 49

The vitelline layer of the sea urchin egg

a) has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins
b) is outside of the fertilization membrane
c) is first visible only when organogenesis is nearly completed
d) is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol
e) releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction

Answer 49

a) has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins

Question 50

Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like

a) placing a key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine
b) preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven
c) resting during halftime of a basketball game
d) dropping a rock off a cliff and watching it land in the valley
e) walking to the cafeteria and eating lunch

Answer 50

a) placing a key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine

Question 51

Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except

a) paracrine
b) pheromone
c) prostaglandin
d) neurotransmitter
e) growth factor

Answer 51

b) pheromone

Question 52

Fertilization normally

a) precedes ovulation
b) is required for parthenogenesis
c) follows gastrulation
d) reinstates diploidy
e) merges two diploid cells into one haploid cell

Answer 52

d) reinstates diploidy

Question 53

Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of the systemic capillaries because

a) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood
b) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid
c) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood
d) the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the hydrostatic pressure of the blood
e) the osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid

Answer 53

c) the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood

Question 54

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure of the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

a) hemoglobin will not release oxygen
b) fluids will tend to accumulate in the tissues
c) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase
d) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues
e) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries

Answer 54

b) fluids will tend to accumulate in the tissues

Question 55

The complement system is

a) a set of proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells and other CD8 cells
b) a set of proteins that act individually to attack and lyse microbes
c) a set of proteins involved in innate but not acquired immunity
d) a group of proteins that includes interferons and interleukins
e) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

Answer 55

e) a group of antimicrobial proteins that act together in a cascade fashion

Question 56

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

a) excretion allows birds to live in desert environments
b) is readily soluble in water
c) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal
d) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products

Answer 56

c) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal

Question 57

Linkage of membrane-bound receptor proteins on target cells activates the typical actions of the

a) progestins
b) pancreatic hormones
c) glucocorticoids
d) androgens
e) estrogens

Answer 57

b) pancreatic hormones

Question 58

Contact of a sea urchin egg with signal molecules on sperm causes the egg to undergo a brief

a) acrosomal reaction
b) mitosis
c) vitellogenesis
d) membrane depolarization
e) apoptosis

Answer 58

d) membrane depolarization

Question 59

In a frog embryo, gastrulation

a) is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the ovum
b) occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk
c) produces blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere
d) proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore
e) occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere

Answer 59

d) proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore