Animal Cells

Question 1

what are types of eukaryotic cells?

Answer 1

animals, plants, fungi

Question 2

what are types of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

archaea, bacteria

Question 3

what’s the difference between eukaryotes & prokaryotes?

Answer 3

eukaryotes;
- nucleus containing DNA
- contains organelles
- surrounded by cell membrane
- make up multicellular organisms

prokaryotes;
- free DNA, no nucleus
- no organelles
- smaller than eukaryotes
- form single celled organisms

Question 4

what are the components of an animal cell? /14

Answer 4

nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, rER, sER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, plasma membrane, cilia, cytoskeleton, ribosomes, centrioles, peroxisomes, cytoplasm

Question 5

what’s the function of a nucleus?

Answer 5

cells control centre, coordinates cells activities and stores cells DNA.

Question 6

what’s the function of a nucleolus?

Answer 6

store cells RNA and important in production of ribosomes.

Question 7

what’s the function of mitochondria?

Answer 7

site of respiration using O2, produces ATP

Question 8

what’s the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 8

contains ribosomes and is important in storage & formation of proteins

Question 9

what’s the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 9

important in production & storage of lipids & steroids

Question 10

what’s the function of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 10

works together with the ER and important in storing and packing molecules (proteins & lipids) in vesicles ready for transport

Question 11

what’s the function of lysosomes?

Answer 11

contain enzymes who digest waste products and debris. some have conventional lysosomes others have secretory lysosomes

Question 12

what’s the function of plasma membrane?

Answer 12

encloses the cells contents

Question 13

what’s the function of cilia?

Answer 13

short microscopic hair like structures, move fluid past the cells surface and helps move the cell

Question 14

what’s the function of cytoskeleton?

Answer 14

maintains cells shape , its made up of microtubules (position organelles), actin filaments (cytokinesis & cell movements) and immediate filaments (provide strength & support).

Question 15

what’s the function of ribosomes?

Answer 15

2 sub units which join together to manufacture proteins. 80s ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells 70s ribosomes in prokaryotes

Question 16

what’s the function of centrioles?

Answer 16

2 hollow cylinders arranged at right angles to each other to form centrosomes. they are important in spindle formation during cell division

Question 17

what’s the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 17

small vesicles containing oxidative enzymes, help to remove toxic substances

Question 18

what’s the name of the model of the plasma membrane?

Answer 18

fluid mosaic model

Question 19

what are the main components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 19

phospholipids

Question 20

describe phospholipids.

Answer 20

they have a hydrophilic (water loving) head - phosphate head and a hydrophobic (water hating) tail - fatty acids, these phospholipids form a bilayer

Question 21

describe the bilayer.

Answer 21

contains proteins, some are integral and cross the membrane and others are peripheral and are found on the one side of the membrane

Question 22

what are the phospholipids and proteins attached to?

Answer 22

phospholipids - glycolipid chains
proteins - glycoprotein chains

Question 23

what’s the role of the plasma membrane?

Answer 23

• partially permeable & controls what exits or enters the cell
• separates contents of cell from outside environment
• allows other cells to recognise the cell as belonging to body
• allows cells to signal each other
• allows molecules (hormones/drugs) to bind to receptors in membrane
• holds components of some chemical reactions (enzymes) in place

Question 24

why is it called the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 24

describes the cell membrane due to the fact it looks mosaic as it is made up of variety of different size components and its fluid because

Question 25

what do the internal plasma membranes around organelles do?

Answer 25

separate contents of the organelles from cytoplasm and allow molecules be transported in and out of organelle

Question 26

function of phospholipids.

Answer 26

controls what enters & exits the cell

Question 27

function of integral proteins.

Answer 27

transport molecules in and out of the cell

Question 28

function of glycoproteins & glycolipids.

Answer 28

cell recognition, cell signalling and receptors

Question 29

function of peripheral proteins.

Answer 29

enzymes

Question 30

functions of cholesterol.

Answer 30

maintains stability of cell.

Question 31

what are the 2 types of microscopes?

Answer 31

- the light microscope - the electron microscope

Question 32

describe the light microscope.

Answer 32

use light and different lenses to magnify objects to allow the image to be seen through an eye piece. best magnification with good resolution is x1000. ONLY LIVING SPECIMEN, gives image in colour

Question 33

describe the electron microscope.

Answer 33

uses electron instead of light to produce detailed images with high magnification (x200000 to x2000000) and high resolution ONLY NON LIVING SPECIMEN, gives image in black and white

Question 34

what are the two types of electron microscopes?

Answer 34

- transmission electron microscope - scanning electron microscope

Question 35

what's the formula for magnification?

Answer 35

magnification = image size ____________ actual size

Question 36

define magnification.

Answer 36

enlarging the apparent size of something not its physical size

Question 37

define resolution.

Answer 37

ability to distinguish 2 objects from each other

Question 38

what do microscopes allow?

Answer 38

allow us to see cells & structures by magnifying them

Question 39

what are the components of a light microscope?

Answer 39

eye piece, objective lens, stage, course focus, fine focus, light source

Question 40

function of cytoplasm

Answer 40

it is a medium for chemical reactions

Question 41

what are the components of the plasma membrane

Question 42

describe how you prepare a side for a light microscope

Question 43

what is staining used for

Question 44

what is gram staining

Question 45

what is eosin

Question 46

what is iodine

Question 47

what is methylene blue

Question 48

what is DNA

Question 49

where are chromosomes found & what do they contain

Question 50

describe chromosomes

Question 51

functions of cell division

Question 52

what process produces sperm and egg cells

Question 53

describe mitosis

Question 54

what's a diploid

Question 55

what are mutations of DNA caused by

Question 56

describe osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 57

what are genes

Question 58

what are the bases of dna

Question 59

what do the bases of dna form

Question 60

what does a triplet code for

Question 61

what do polypeptide chains make up

Question 62

what are proteins made of

Question 63

what is dna formed by

Question 64

what does dna do

Question 65

what is dna made up of

Question 66

what are the pairings that form a double helix

Question 67

what are plant and animal cells surrounded by

Question 68

what does the plasma membrane do

Question 69

what are the 2 types of cell transport

Question 70

what are the types of active transport

Question 71

what are the types of passive transport

Question 72

what are the 2 types of diffusion

Question 73

what is osmosis

Question 74

what is simple diffusion

Question 75

what is facilitated diffusion

Question 76

describe endocytosis

Question 77

describe exocytosis

Question 78

describe phagocytosis

Question 79

describe pinocytosis

Question 80

what's the process of exocytosis

Question 81

what's the process of pinocytosis

Question 82

what is ATP

Question 83

describe the conversion of ATP

Question 84

what happens in a sodium potassium pump

Question 85

what are the stages of the sodium potassium pump