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Animal Science > Animal Characteristics > Flashcards

Animal Characteristics Flashcards

1
Q

The Holstein

A

The largest of the dairy breeds
Characteristic black and white- recessive red
95% of diary cows in the US, only about 20% are registered
3.5% milk fat
Came from Netherlands and Northern Germany
Holstein-Friesan

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2
Q

The Jersey

A

Originates from Island of Jersey
One of oldest purebred breeds
Imported around 1870-1880
Smallest of diary breeds, darkly pigmented skin and black muzzles
Efficient use of feed, excellent grazing abilities, longest productive lifespan
Milk fat-4.7%= 20% more cheese, 30% more butter
5% of dairy cows in US, 4th in milk production

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3
Q

Brown Swiss

A

Originated in Alps of Switzerland
Vary in solid shades of brown, nose characteristically black with light colored band around muzzle
Early classification as duel purpose due to heavy muscling- today more refined for diary
Heifers matures slower, but heat resistant
Second in average milk production- 3rd most popular
Rang around 4.1% milk fat- desired for cheese production due to protein content and fat to protein ratio

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4
Q

The Guernsey

A

Originated on Island of Guernsey, developed by monks
Fawn with clearly defined white markings
Skin yellow pigment
Early maturing breed- noted for producing yellow milk with high fat content- 4.5%, 5th milk production
Color result of increased concentrations of B-carotene (precursor to Vit A)
Consume 20-30% less feed/lb of milk than larger breeds, 4th most popular in US

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5
Q

The Ayrshire

A

Origins in Ayrshire County- SW Scotland
Preferred coloring red and white- range from solid white or light to deep brown with white
Known for well attached udder, sturdy legs and feet, excellent grazing ability
Offspring with lots of vigor and easy to care for
Third in milk production, 5th in US
Milk fat- 3.8% (4th)

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6
Q

The Shorthorn

A

Developed in England
Triple purpose breed- meat, mil, and draft for early US settlers, since been adapted for either meat of milk, brought over to the 1600s
Milking Shorthorns a distinct breed since 1969
Red, white, or combination
Adaptability, under refinement in US
Last in milk production and popularity in US

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7
Q

Today, dairy farms are concentrated in the _____ and ______ with _____ areas offering the advantage of _______ relative to other areas

A

North and West, Wester- reduced cost of production and larger herd sizes

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8
Q

Top 10 states in milk production

A

California, Wisconsin, NY, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Minnesota, New Mexico, Michigan, Texas, Washington

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9
Q

The two states that have milk production greater than population demands:

A

Idaho- proximity to West Cost allows excess product to be shipped
Wisconsin- historically maintained strong milk production, produces majority of country’s manufactured milk products, over 1/4 total cheese produced

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10
Q

Since 1970 milk production per cow has increased/decreased over ___% while the number of diary cows has increased/decreased ___% and average herd size per operation has increased/decreased from ____ in 1960 to ___ in 2000

A

Milk production- increased 50%
Number of cows- decreased 24%
Average herd size- increased, 25-88

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11
Q

A traditional diary consists of ___________ cows- equate to _______. Traditional dairying systems account for ____% of US milk production. Dominate the industry in which two states

A

less than 200 cows, equate to the average herd size a family could accommodate and still retain satisfactory living standards while maintaining a functioning farm, including growing feed for the cattle
32.5% total US milk production
Pennsylvania- 74%, Wisconsin- 56%

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12
Q 
Operations that exceed \_\_\_\_ cows are classified as \_\_\_\_ and subject to \_\_\_\_\_. Represent \_\_\_% of total milk production
These enterprises represent\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Often grow/buy feed
Usually found where?
Dominates in which two states?
A

500 cows, concentrated animal operations, regulation by the EPA, 54.9%
family farms or family corporations, but are specialized in the production of milk
Buy majority or all of feed
Found in newly emerging dairy states- California, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Idaho, Florida, California and Idaho0 92% milk production

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13
Q

Benefits of large systems:

A

Adopt business techniques, management strategies, and labor-saving technologies that small operations cannot afford- results in lower milk production costs

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14
Q

Traditional dairy operations- producers often belong to _______

A

Cooperatives- assemble and distribute milk to processors and manufacturers

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15
Q

Both traditional and large dairy conglomerates are predominantly______

A

Family owned and operated

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16
Q

Grazing systems are defined as:
__% of herds greater than 500
__% of herds less than 500

A

those that meet 30% of the animals forage needs by grazing and provide fresh pasture at least once very three days, often seasonal
1% herds greater than 500
10% herds less than 500

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17
Q

Types of diary management operation includes _______ and ______

A

traditional confinement systems, grazing -based system

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18
Q

Traditional confinement systems make up ___% of diary operations. Benefits and Draw back

A

90%
Females maintained in various stages of lactation- allow for continual income, greater rate of milk production
Greater cost of labor, increased capital investment, associated with increased feet and leg problems

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19
Q

Two most common types of diary housing systems?

A

Tie stall/stanchion (49%, typically used by small herds, less than 100 head) and Free stall barns (32.6%, larger herds)

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20
Q

Over __% of diary operations milk cows ___x daily

A

90%, 2x

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21
Q

Four common styles of milking parlors:

A

Herringbone, parallel, side opening, polygon

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22
Q

The most popular milking parlor: used by ___% of dairy operations

A

herringbone, 50%

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23
Q

Roll of Dairy Cattle

A

$34 billion industry

11% total agriculture, 22% animal agriculture

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24
Q

Primary Products from dairy

A

Dried milk, Cultured produces, condensed and evaporated milk, butter, cheese, frozen deserts, fluid milk (32%)
Secondary Product: meat

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25
Q

When were most of the dairy breeds imported into the US?

A

1870

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26
Q

The two types of beef cattle breeds:

A

Purebred: purity of ancestry; stock purposes, represent purity of breed
Commercial- crossbred, not registered or pedigreed; most US cattle

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27
Q

British breeds (beef cattle)

A

(Bos Taurus) Angus, Hereford, and Shorthorn
Maternal- fertility, longevity, milk production
Earlier maturity, less muscular
Over 900 breeds
Also known for increased marbling

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28
Q

The Angus

A

Official name: Aberdeen-Angus
Originated in the shires of Aberdeen and Angus in Scotland, developed exclusively for meat
Black and red in color, each a different breed registry, red is just recessive, red thrive better in arid climates
Black most popular in US (Red #6)
Vigorous, preform well in feedlot, known for producing a high-quality carcass and well-marbled meat

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29
Q

The Herford

A

Originated in England
Red with white faces, have white on legs, abdomen, and tail
Separate registries for polled and unpolled
Vigorous, hardy, adapt well to range environments, docile, east to manage
Often used in crossbreeding: white pattern (especially white face) predominates
Forage efficiency

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30
Q

Continental breeds (beef cattle)

A

(Bos taurus) Simmental, Limousin, Charolais
Paternal (terminal) growth rate, muscular, lean, large mature size
Dual- purpose (maternal and paternal traits)

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31
Q

Simmental

A

Originated in Simmen Valley, Switzerland
First duel-purpose
Range of colors, and patters, polled or not
Large, generally docile, adaptable to variety of climates
Rapid growth rate, think muscling, lean carcasses, and milk production
Considered triple purpose today due to large size, draft
4th most popular in US

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32
Q

Limousin

A 
7,000 years ago in Limousin, France
Oldest of domesticated cattle 
Soldiers from WWII- "golden cattle of France"
1968 introduced into US
Red, gold, or black
Large loin area and leanness of carcass
5th most popular in US
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33
Q

Charolais

A

Central France near Charolais
One of oldest French breeds
Pink skin, white-light straw color coat
Large, heavy-muscled, polled or horned
Rapid body weight in feedlots, lean, red, tender meat, often used in crossbreeding programs
3rd most popular in US- have the greatest impact on the beef industry

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34
Q

Zebu

A

(Bos indicus)- Brahman is the main breed
Greatest genetic influence world-wide; most beef in the world comes from Zebu
heat and insect tolerant, adaptable to warm environments
Later puberty, low growth rate, less muscling
Characterized by distinctive hump from spinal process, extended dewlap, large drooping ears

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35
Q

Most influential Bos indicus breed:

A

American brahman

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36
Q

American Brahman

A

originate form aprox 266 bulls and 22 cows from India
light gray to red to almost black
13th most popular in US as pure breed, crucial to creation of crosses of Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds
Brahman influenced beef most prevalent in souther regions
tend to reach puberty at a later age, reduced growth rate, less muscling

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37
Q

Brandus

A

5/8 Angus, 3/8 Brahman
recognized as pure breed with own registry
9th most popular breed

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38
Q

Beefmaster

A

50% Brahman, 25% Herford and Shorthorn

10th most popular

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39
Q

Waygo

A

Japanese delicacy beef breed
Just 1-50 cows/operation
Increased marbling, high in n3, n6 fatty acids
Raising considered and art form

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40
Q

Scottish highlander

A

Fluffy looking breed of beef cattle

Very hearty

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41
Q

Texas Longhorn

A

Breed of beef cattle, relative to shorthorn

1927- Texas started breed preservation programs

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42
Q

State of beef industry in US

A

91 million cows in the US in 2012, 30 mill production cattle, only 29 mill cows recorded in 2013, slight decline due to droughts

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43
Q

Largest states for beef produciton

A

Texas- 13%
Kansas, Nebraska- 7%
California, Oklahoma- 6%

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44
Q

Life cycle Cow-calf production

A

6-7 year production life (15-20 year life span)
First breeding: 15 mo
Calving: 24 mo (spring) forage for location right before calving
Weaning: 5-9 mo (Fall) 400-700 lbs
Target rebreeding: 6-9 mo, takes longer for beef cows when calf is on her
Puberty: 12-13 month
Market age: 18-24 mo (management plays the biggest role in deciding market age)

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45
Q

Beef cattle management system

A

Horizontal integration
Seedstock producers–> Brood stock
Cow-calf producers–> heavy calves and light calves
Light calves –> stocker operations for growing
Calves–> feedlots for finishing –> finished animals–> slaughter and packer facilities —> meat and by-products go to retailers and consumers
All culled animals from first two stages go to slaughter and package facilities

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46
Q

Cow calf producers: ___% made up of 500 head, making up ____% of the market

A

90% 500 head, 14.5% market

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47
Q

Average herd size

A

47 head (800,000 producers)

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48
Q

Two top cow-calf producers

A 
#1) Florida-Desert citrus, 43,000 head
#2) Idaho Simplot, 27,000 head, also grow potatos
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49
Q

50 Largest feedlots own ___% of the market share (beef)

A

65%

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50
Q

5 major packers (beef) own ___% of market share

A

85%

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51
Q

What is the importance of feedlots in beef production

A

Cows finished on grain , 10-14% roughage (rumen needs roughage for metabolic system, calf spends 60-200 days

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52
Q

Now is a good time to be in which operation in the beef cattle market

A

Stocker- use alternative feed stuff- grain is expensive

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53
Q

Roll of beef cattle industry

A

20% total agg, 40% for all agg animals; $188 bill industry, direct ($45 bill)

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54
Q

Good things come from cattle

A 
567.8 lb retail beef
Pharmaceuticals
Inedible byproducts
Edible byproducts
Variety meats (sweetbread- thymus, tripe- stomach linings)
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55
Q 
Characteristics of Cattle:
\_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle
\_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_  lactation
\_\_\_\_ labor \_\_\_ return to estrus
Puberty:
Body Temp:
Pulse rate:
Birth wt:
consumption:
Weaning wt: 
Mature wt:
A

60 chromosomes 19-21 days estrus cycle
275-285 days gestation, 140-320 d lactation
2-4 hr labor 30-90 d return to estrus
Puberty: 12 m (male) 10 m (female)
Body Temp: 101.5
Pulse rate: 40-70 bpm
Birth wt:70 lb
consumption:1-3% body wt (dry matter basis)
Weaning wt: 400-500 lb
Mature wt: male- 1500-2000 lb, female- 1000-1300 lb

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56
Q

Ewe (maternal) breeds

A

White faced, fine to medium wool, excel in: length of breeding season, wool production, longevity, milk production, fertility
Breeds: Marino, Rambouillet, Fin

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57
Q

The Marino

A

developed during roman empire in Spain
most influential breed of sheep
crucial role the foundation breed for development of all other fine wool breeds
Spain- finest provider of Marino wool
Medium body, high quality white fleece, thrives on poor grazing land, strong flocking instincts
US Marinos- characterized by excess skin- increased surface area, classified as A, B, and C according to size and quanityt of wool
A and B types- heavy- creates difficulty sheering, lower fleece quality
C- Delain Marino: medium size, less folds

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58
Q

The Rambouillet

A

Originated in France, developed from Spanish Marino lines
Selected for greater size
US importation- 1840, 50% US crossbred sheep population influenced by Rambouillet
7th most popular US
Prevalent in Western states, preferred producer of fine wool
Fast growing, high quality white fleece, adequately muscled–> (duel classification as maternal and duel-breed)

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59
Q

Finnsheep

A

aka Finnish Landrace, originated in Finland
Limited importation but growing popularity
Renowned for multiple births, 3 or more offspring per lambing
Reduced growth rate, mature at early age, small mature size
Polled, medium quality wool
High yielding fleece
Utilized in crossbreeding programs to improve reproductive characteristics

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60
Q

Ram (paternal) breeds

A

Meat breeds, most common are black faced, excel in carcass traits, growth rate
Classified by offspring market weight- heavy, medium, light
Suffolk and Hampshire popular US breeds

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61
Q

The Suffolk

A

Southern England, southdown and Norfolk Horned sheep
Most popular breed in US registries
White woolen, characterized by black face, ears, and legs
Heavy breed, large bodied, polled, display prominent muscled offspring
Light-weight quality fleece that contains black fibers- detract form market value

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62
Q

The Hampshire

A

England, imported prior to Civil War
2nd most popular in US
REsemble Suffolk in size and marking
Tend to be smaller, dark brown face, ears and legs
Wool extends onto legs and head, similar quality, little market value
Efficient utilizers of forage, rapid growth weight of lambs (+1 lb/day or more till marketing)

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63
Q

Dual-purpose sheep breeds

A

Produce wool and meat of acceptable quality
Lesser quality relative to maternal and paternal breeds
Dorset, Polypay, Columbia

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64
Q

Dorset

A

Longer estrus
3rd most popular US breed
with face, ear, legs
polled or horned
Ewes: known of prolificacy, milk production, ability to breed out of season
Most demand of out of season lamb- easter US, Dorset raised on east side of Mississippi River
Medium grade wool, carcass traits average

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65
Q

The Polypay

A

Developed in US: Finn x Rambouillet x Targhee x Dorset
Goal- lifetime prolificacy, production of rapidly growing lambs, and high quality carcass
Polypay- more than two paying goods per year, fleece and two lambs
Early maturity, medium size, white face, legs, and ears

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66
Q

The Columbia

A

American developed sheep
Rambouillet ewes x Lincoln rams
Goal of breed development- replace cross-breeding practices on the range by providing a true breeding type that maximized wool and lamb production
Well suited to NW regions, adequately suited to Midwest pastures
Ewes: adequately fertile, good mothers, produces acceptable market lambs

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67
Q

Hair breeds (sheep)

A

Used for either or both maternal and paternal traits, arid climates- little need for wool, hair more primitive trait (mouflon)
Hair fibers- naturally shed, no need to sheer
tropical sheep have exceptional fertility rates, viability, parasite resistance, extended breeding seasons
reduced growth rates, lighter mature weights, reduced carcass merit

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68
Q

Katahdin

A

most popular hair breed of sheep in US
Developed in Maine
African Hair Sheep x Tunis
Good for land management

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69
Q

Dairy sheep breeds

A

US does not have enough diary breeds to support demand
Most popular breed: East Friesian (not in US)
400-1100 lb milk/year

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70
Q

US sheep dairy breeds

A

Dorset, Polypay, and Rideau Arcott (developed in Canada)

Rideau Arcott- triplets every 8 months

71
Q

US Sheep Industry

A

Decline: 51 mill sheep 1800- 5 mill today
Sheep production: Texas- 16%, California- 10%, Wyoming, Colorado- 7%, not raised for wool, 1.5 mill market lambs/year
Wool Production: 32 mill lb 2008, same states
$532 mill industry, .2% total agriculture, .4% animal agriculture

72
Q

Life cycle of sheep

A 
8-15 year life span, 6-7 year productive life
1st breeding: 7-9 mo (fall)
Lambing: (spring) 5 m
Weaning: around 3 mo (large range)
Market age: 5-6 mo
Puberty: 7-9 mo
73
Q

Classification of lamb

A

Hot house: <12 mo
Yearling: ~12 mo- 1 break, 1 spool
Mutton: 24 mo/ 2 spool joints
Classified by age and joints

74
Q

Why is the sheep industry declining?

A

1) Competition among synthetics
2) Decreased consumer demand post WWII
3) Lower returns/investment
4) Uncertainty over grazing public lands
5) Predation
6) Seasonal production and fluctuation in income
7) Inconsistency in market and fluctuation- no standardization

75
Q

Which animals can be used to flock sheep?

A

Dogs, donkeys, and llamas

Llamas easily adopt a flock, live longer than most dogs, must be gelded or will try and mate with the ewes

76
Q

___ of all losses in the sheep industry are caused by predation.

A

1/3, most common- coyotes- 61%

77
Q

Two type of sheep operation in US

A

Farm flocks: 70% of producers, contribute to 30# of market, eastern US
Range: contribute to 70% of market, open range by shepards

78
Q

Good things come from sheep:

A

wool, ecology (like to eat invasive plants), meat, dairying

79
Q

US imports ___ lb of sheep milk and produces ___ lb

A

60-70 mill imported, 1.5 mill produced

80
Q

A cow uses ___ lb of milk to produce ___ lb of cheese, a sheep uses ___ lb of milk to produce ___ lb of cheese

A

100 lb milk= 10 lb cheese for cows

100 lb milk= 25 lb cheese for sheep

81
Q

It would cost $___/acre to use an herbicide, but only $___/acre to use sheep to manage land

A

35$/acre, $0.60/acre

82
Q 
Sheep Characteristics 
\_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle
\_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_  lactation
Puberty:
Body Temp:
Birth wt:
Weaning wt: 
Mature wt:
Eggs/ovulation
A 
54 chromosomes 16-17d estrus cycle
147 d gestation 60-120 d lactation
Puberty: 7-9 mo
Body Temp: 102-103
Birth wt: 8-9 mo
Weaning wt: 40-100 lb
Mature wt: 150-400 lb (male) 120-300 lb (female)
Eggs/ovulation: 1-3 meat- singletons, maternal- commonly have twinns
83
Q

Meet breeds of goats

A

Recently established due to growing demand
Adaptable, capable of producing adequate muscling from foraging
Horned, larger on males than females
3 US breeds: Boer, Kiko, Spanish

84
Q

The South African Boer

A

goat, greatest influence on US goat meat industry
Dutch word for farmer
Adaptability, rapid growth rate, high rates of gain averaging 150-170 grams/day, improved carcass quality, early maturity
Twinning common, females capable of three kiddings/2 years
Red head w/ floppy ears and white body, variety of color variations

85
Q

The Kiko

A

Goat, Developed in New Zealand- specific purpose of meat production
In US: known for ability to produce meat on pasture without supplemental feeding
Preforms well in arid and mountain climates, perform well in S US, where Boers don’t do well

86
Q

The Spanish

A

Goat developed from feral population in S US
Hardy, adaptable, able to survive under more harsh climate
Originally used to clear brush
Breed selected for improved carcass quality, often crossbred with Boer for commercial meat goat production

87
Q

Meat goat production in the US has increased/decreased ___% between 1999-2010, with ___ herds of 30 head in 2013

A

increased 68%, Texas- 40%, medium herd: 10-99 head

88
Q

Dairy goat breeds

A

Alpine, La Manch, Nubian, Obebasli, Saanen, and Toggenburg

89
Q

The Nobian

A

most popular dairy goat breed in US
developed from British goats
not noticed for high producing breed (1600 lb milk/year) but has greatest milk fat, 4.6%

90
Q

The Alpine

A

second most popular goat breed, average milk production 2,000 lb/year, milk fat 3.5%, less tolerant of arid climates

91
Q

The undercoat fiber produced by all goats except ______ is called ______

A

Cashmere, not produced by angora

92
Q

The Angora

A

Fiber goat, known for mohair production, classified into types A,B,C. C- ringlet hair, B- flat lock
Mohair, important commodity in 19th century
Modern angoras come from crossbreed to increase size

93
Q

The Cashmere

A

breed of fiber goats developed for increased quantity of cashmere
Shed once annually, produce average 2.5 lbs of fleece, only 20% cashmere

94
Q

Dwarf goats

A

common companion animals for humans and horses
compact, well muscled bodies, proportionately short legs
Popular US: Pygmy and Nigerian

95
Q

Pygmy

A

Dwarf goat
Popular companion breed in US, originally diary goats (500 lbs milk/year)
Non-seasonal breeders

96
Q

Nigerian

A

Dwarf goat

distinguished from pygmy by conformation are bred to have a body structure similar to that of other dairy goat breeds

97
Q

Dairy goat production in the US has increased/decreased by ___% between 1997-2001, and ___% between 2002-2007. THe largest states are:

A

increased, 54%, 15%

California, Wisconsin, Iowa

98
Q

The diary goat industry is dominated by _____ and about ___% of goats are milked by parlor

A

females and people over 55, 50%

99
Q

Fiber goat production is increasing/decreasing; and the largest state is:

A

declining, Texas

100
Q

Disadvantage of the goat industry

A

Decreased income, less than 1000 farms report returns >$50,000, disadvantage for young generations

101
Q

Benefits of goat milk

A

can be consumed by some with cow milk allergies, easier to consume so marketed to young and elderly

102
Q

Good things come from goats

A

dairy, biotechnology, meat, week control (manage kodzu), companions (cheap), fiber

103
Q 
Goat Characteristics
\_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle
\_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_  lactation
Body Temp:
Birth wt:
Puberty: 
Weaning age: 
Mature wt:
A 
60 chromosomes 17-21 d estrus cycle
145-155d gestation 10 mo  lactation
Body Temp: 102-105 
Birth wt: 6 lbs
Puberty: 7-10 months
Weaning age: 8-12 we, (3 days, dairy)
Mature wt: 110-200 (female) 120-300 (male)
Eggs/ovulation: 1-4
Length of live: 12-14 years
104
Q

Maternal swine breeds

A

Typically white
excel in litter size, fertility, and milk production
recent years, improvements in growth rate and carcass quality have been realized
Yorkshires, Landrace, and Chenster White

105
Q

The Yorkshire

A 
Leading pig breed in US registry
England known as Large White
Brought to Ohio
Erect ears, dished face
Known for durability and soundness 
Excel in lean meat production, reduced backfat, and muscular stature
106
Q

The Landrace

A

Denmark: native pigs x Yorkshire
4th most popular pig breed in US
Mainly white
Droopy ears, known for body length, muscling in ham and loin, and ability to farrow and raise large litters

107
Q

Chester White

A

Characterized by medium sized drooping ears
Prolificacy, early maturing, adaptability
7th in US

108
Q

Paternal swine breeds

A

Typically colored
excel in leanness, muscling, increased growth rates
Duroc, Hampshire, Spotted, and Berkshire

109
Q

The Duroc

A 
development occurred in Ohio
Solid red in color
Drooping ears
Rapid growth and maturity, heavy muscling in ham and loin area, good finishing ability
Second most popular
110
Q

The Hampshire

A

Origin uncertain
Color pattern similar to English Saddleback
Developed in Kentucky
Black body with white belt the encompasses the shoulder area
Leanness, carcass quality, reduced back-fat, increased loin area
Adapt well of outdoor environments
3rd most popular

111
Q

The Spotted

A

Indiana
Rapid growth rates, improved feed efficiencies, desirable meat qualities
Spotted black and white pattern

112
Q

The Berkshire

A

Paternal breed of pig
Smaller litter sizes, lesser growth rates and feed efficiency, and greater fat depositions than other breeds
Meat quality is considered exceptional with darker well marbled pork, tender and palatable
Consumers willing to pay 40-70% more for certified Berkshire pork
6th most popular breed

113
Q

Poland China

A

Paternal swine breed, important in development of the Spotted, comes from Ohio
Markedly similar in appearance to to Berkshire, ears not erect
Exceptional feeders, heaviest of all swine no matter the age
Prolific litter sizes
Carcass of high percent lean
Dark color of sire masked by white of maternal breed
8th most popular

114
Q

What percent of marketed swine are crossbred

A

90%

115
Q

What region of the US accounts for most of the swine production?

A 
The Midwest (Iowa-30%)
Exception: North Carolina- 15%
116
Q

The number of swine production facilities has increased/decreased over the last 30 years but he size of the operations has increased/decreased

A

decreased- 90%, increased

117
Q

Life of a Pig

A

10-15 year life span, productive life span 1-12 litters
First breeding: 8 mo (aren’t bred at first estrus)
Farrowing (114 d gestation)
Weaning: 3-6 weeks- large market variation, grow fastest if on sow for first three weeks, after 3 wks, need supplement nutrition
Market age: 5-7 mo, mark weight- 250 lbs
Puberty- 6 mo

118
Q

Typical production systems in swine production and alternatives:

A

1) Sow in gestation crate, which can be adjusted for sow, during entire gestation
2) 1-2 days before farrowing moved to farrowing crate- minimizes mortality
3) 2-3 wk old- offspring moved to nursing area: provided supplement nutrients and heat
4) Grow-finishing area around 30-35 lbs, normally split sex, around 250 lbs- go to market

Alternatives: Group housing- sow in gestation crate 45 days to let embryo settles, then moved to group housing. Outdoor system

119
Q

Swine industry in the US

A

$21.8 billion industry, 6% all agriculture, 11% all animal

120
Q 
Swing characteristics
\_\_ chromosomes \_\_\_ estrus cycle
\_\_\_ gestation \_\_\_\_\_  lactation
\_\_\_\_ labor \_\_\_ return to estrus
Eggs/ovulation:
Puberty:
Body Temp:
Pulse rate:
Weaning wt: 
Litters/year:
A 
38 chromosomes 19-21 d estrus cycle
114 d gestation 21-42 d  lactation
15-20 min b/n pigs labor 3-7 d return to estrus
Eggs/ovulation: 10-20
Puberty:6-8 mo
Body Temp: 101.5
Pulse rate:
Weaning wt: 10-20 lbs
Litters/year: 2.3
121
Q

Good things come from pigs

A 
Companion animals
Animal model
Meat
Consumer products (crayons, buttons, upholstery, pet food)
Medicinal products
Xenotransplantation
122
Q

The Cornwall England (Cornish)

A

The paternal line for the broiler chickens

Very good meat production- low feather warmth so low fertility

123
Q

The Plymouth Rock

A

Maternal line for broilers
Two varieties- white and barred
Brings fertility to the broiler strain

124
Q

White leghorn

A

Predominant layer hen, has the greatest genetic impact on layers
250-300 eggs/year
Known for xanthophyls, come from carotenoids- lead to yellow color of legs and beak, when in production, pigment deposited on eggs, so legs and beaks get bleached
2 strains

125
Q

Rhode Island Red

A

Second major layer hen
Brown eggs
Duel purpose, less efficient than white egss

126
Q

Aracauna

A

specialty breed of chicken
small yolk size- eggs with less cholesterol
commonly confused with American (no link in ancestry)- and both are confused as Easter Eggers because they can lay eggs with blue/green and red/brown pigments
rumpless

127
Q

Silky

A

specialty breed of chicken
longer barbs in feathers and lacks barbules, gives feathers fluffy look
Some transgenic research down with barbed rock or RI Red

128
Q

Cochen

A

Come in white, and yellow
Feathers come down legs and b/w toes
Good mothers- used for conservation
180 eggs/year

129
Q

Frizzle

A

Cochen w/ frizzle gene
Found in many species
Feathers don’t lie flat –> poor temp. regulation

130
Q

Bronze

A

Two versions: Improved: large breast muscle, and unimproved

131
Q

Broad-Breasted White

A

Not a recognized breed
Bronze x White
commercial importance - Thanksgiving
can’t mate naturally

132
Q

Embolden

A

Triple purpose: meat, eggs, and feathers (45 eggs/year)
Come to maturity early
One of first breeds imported into US from Germany,

133
Q

Greylag goose

A

Wild ancestor of American and European domestic geese

134
Q

Toulous goose

A

From France

Largest, heightened by loose feathering

135
Q

The African goose

A

originated from swan goose
knowns for protuberance on its head
Rapid growth rate and early maturity, however limited by dark pin-feathers
Multi-purpose: meat, eggs, show, and guard animals

136
Q

The Pekin

A

Aflack duck, specialized meat breed, very large

137
Q

Mucovy

A

only meet breed duck not descendent from the mallard

doesn’t need water

138
Q

Duck leg laying breeds:

A

Kahki Campbell- 250 eggs/year, number one in egg production

Indian runner duck- much smaller than the Kahki, 2nd in egg production

139
Q

Ratites

A

Emus and Ostriches
Emu- 125-140 lbs, 1 mill birds, from Australia
Ostrich: 300-400 lbs, 1000 farms, 100,000 birds, Africa
Rhea- South America
Nick market in US, marketed 13 wks of age, 95% marketable
Mead: federally inspected, closer to beef, lean product, normally sold ground

140
Q

Broiler Production- industry trends

A

dominated in SE US (Georgia, Arkansas, Alabama)- affordability of raising, chap land, buildings, large cheep labor force
3 fold increase in consumption since 1960
Tyson #1
Vertical integration

141
Q

Layer Production- industry trends

A

Iowa and Ohio, market controlled by companies w/ over 1 mill birds, ship out a lot of the dark meat
91.9 billion eggs in 2011, 345 million layers
Call-Maine #1 in egg producers

142
Q

Turkey production- industry trends

A

No geographic center (Minnesota- 17%, N Carolina-15%)
14-17 wks age (15-28 lbs) market
70% of turkey is processed

143
Q

Life of a broiler

A

Breeder and multiplier flocks- broiler production –> hatchery –> contract or company grow-out farms –> processing plant (further processing plants) –> marketing and distribution
Feed mills provide for breeder and multiplier flocks and hatcheries

144
Q

Life of a layer

A

Hens: breeder flocks –> hatchery –> grow out (16-18 wks of age, birds more to layer facility, controlled environment, lots of light, start laying @ 20 wks) –> Egg production –> bird processing –> other food products
Eggs: egg assemble packer –> wholesale distributer –> egg products or retail

145
Q

Production systems for poultry

A

Specialized collection for eggs before hatching to allow for uniform hatching time (65 degrees delay embryo development)
Broiler: elongated house that holds up to 64,000 birds, have completely automated system for food, water and meds, collection done manually during colder temps
Layers: Battery cage system, cage free, free range

146
Q

Role of poultry industry in US economy

A

$35.6 bill industry direct, 12% of all agriculture, 33% of animal profits

147
Q 
Poultry Characteristics
chromosomes:
time b/w ovulation's:
incubations:
incubating temp:
brooding temp:
body temp:
ovulations per year:
puberty:
time to lay an egg:
life span:
A 
chromosomes: 78
time b/w ovulation's: 25-26 h
incubations:21 d
incubating temp: 99-103
brooding temp: 95- maintain chicks
body temp: 104-106
ovulations per year: 260-285
puberty: 20-25 wk (absence of light delays puberty)
time to lay an egg: 25-26 hr
life span: 7 years  (production life span of layers 1-2 years, forced molting if kept longer)
148
Q

Good things come from poultry

A

Nutrition, medicine, sport, research
Eggs have everything except Vit D- nutrient quantities controlled by diet
Research- vitamin discorveries, toxicology

149
Q

Four categories of horses:

A

1) light
2) draft
3) ponties
4) miniatures

150
Q

Quarter horse

A 
light breed
typically muscular horses
ancestor- chickasaws
very versatile 
known to be fastest horse to run in a quarter of a mile
151
Q

Thoroughbreds

A

light breed
used for racing
Arabian led to improvement of the breed
The Jockey Club: used to keep track of breeds in US, now require blood
Known for speed, travel in a mile and a quarter
Kentucky Club: known for allwoing only natural mating

152
Q

Arabians

A 
light breed
12-17 hands
ancestor for most light breeds
Middle East- "gift from God"
distinct dished head
led to development of AI
symbol of value
153
Q

Early 1900- draft breeds made up ___% of breeds for trasportation

A

90%

154
Q

Percheron

A

draft breed
Comes from Le Perche, France
withstand pull for a longer time than Belgians
most common draft breed along with Belgian

155
Q

Belgians

A

draft breed

Comes form Belgium France

156
Q

Clydesdale

A

draft breed

very distinct white stalking

157
Q

Haflinger

A 
draft breed
known for good pack animals
short and stocky
almost pony like
recently breed has gotten large, good jumping and dressage
158
Q

Shetland

A 
pony
primarily show breed, good with children, good companion
strongest horse in its size
bred to haul cool carts
American and British
159
Q

POA

A

Pony of America
developed for youth
born solid color- gradually change as they grow
excel in speed events

160
Q

Welsh Pony

A

any coat pattern
smaller then shetland
move very well
good for kids

161
Q

Hackney Pony

A 
sure footed
strong hearted animals
top tail and long tail
hard, dense bone
disease resistant
162
Q

Appaloosa

A

light horse
Developed by Nez-Perce Indians, almost disappeared in 1920s
distinct coat patterns, white circling around one of their eyes and striped hoofs

163
Q

Tennessee Walking Horse

A

very unique gate, flat foot walk and running walk

Running walk: have an over stride in front leg of up to 40 inches

164
Q

Miniature Horses

A

very versatile breed
38 inches and below, 150-450 lbs
few mares that are year round breeders

165
Q

American trotting horse

A

Standardbred
Arabian x thoroughbred
two different gates
1) pace, 70%, generally faster, legs move together
2) trot, like humans, fast diagonal beat, natural
horses trained to do one or the other

166
Q

5 basic coat colors

A

White, black, gray, bay, and brown

167
Q

Tobiano

A

relative to American paint horse

white across their back like paint has been spilled, have gray diluter gene

168
Q

Overo

A

horse with unique coloring pattern, solid with white patched from stomach up
Carry LWO: lethal white overo- recessive gene
75% of horses in US have this gene, fouls born completely white, blue eyes, no immunity, no colon, lack melanocytes and ganglia

169
Q

Melanocytes and ganglia

A

melanocytes- pigment cells, ganglia- nerve cells

170
Q

Horse Industry

A

Texas and California biggest states, uses: recreation, showing, racing, other

171
Q

Life of a horse

A 
Fooling in the spring, 336 days of gestation, meres seasonally di-setrus, need at least 16 hours of light to come into estrus
weaned at 4-6 months (light horse)
1st breeding 2 years old
puberty 12-17 months
come into heat 7-10 days after the foul
20-30 year life span
172
Q

Role of Equine industry

A

.5% of all agriculture, 1% of all animal, $102 bill industry, direct- $39 bill,
Indirect spending- tourism, induced spending- gambling

173
Q 
Light horse characteristics
chromosomes:
estrus cycle:
gestation length:
lactation length:
return to estrus:
labor:
puls rate:
body temp:
puberty:
birth weight:
consumption:
weaning weight:
mature weight:
A

chromosomes: 64 (donkeys- 62)
estrus cycle: 21 d
gestation length: 336 d
lactation length: 3-6 months
return to estrus: 7-10 day, typically wait 30 days
labor: 1-5 hr
puls rate: 35 bpm
body temp: 99.5-101.5
puberty: male- 12-13 mo, female 12-17 mo
birth weight: varies greatly around 100 lbs
consumption: 3% body weight
weaning weight: 300-600 lbs, 6 mo (mini’s- 3 mo)
mature weight: male- 1,000-1,5000, female 1,000-1,300

Animal Science (1 decks)

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