ANIMAL COMMUNICATION & MIGRATION Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
this two are remarkable factors ofthe animal kingdom, intricately linked by the need for effective information transfer accross vast distance & diverse
A
Animal communication & migration
2
Q
is the transfer of information from one or group of animals. Consist of sender & reciever
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Animal communication
3
Q
6 components of communication
A
- sender & reciever
- channels
- medium
- modes of signals or stimuli
- response
- outcome
4
Q
organism sending the communication signals is the ?
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sender
5
Q
is the one adjusting his behavior in response to the signal sent by the sender
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reciever
6
Q
channel is composed of ?
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- visual
- auditory
- olfactory
- tactile
- seismic
- thermal
- electric
7
Q
medium is composed of ?
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- air
- space
- water
- light
- sound
- smell
- or any other medium
8
Q
what are the modes of signals or stimuli
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- cues
- gaze
- movements
- gestures
- postures
- symbols
- language
- representation
9
Q
here the sender has not evolved for communication purposes, but the recievers are still processing the information from them.
ex: squirrels see the angle of a branch & decide to jump.
the tree isn’t sending a message but the squirrel gets useful information from it
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Cues
10
Q
when an act by an organisms triggers a response in another organisms
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communication signals
11
Q
all nonverbal cues like tone of voice, body language, gestures, facial expression etc. that carry meaning that may enhance or disallow what we say
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metacommunication
12
Q
this depends on the perception of the reciever factors
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response
13
Q
A
14
Q
the contingent response of the reciever will give the outcome
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outcome
15
Q
this signals has a fixed set of pissible value; indicate yes or no; this is often used in animals communication of quick, clear signaling.
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discrete signals
15
Q
A
16
Q
is a continues signals; can change gradually overtime. Show a varying degrees of intensity, emotion or response
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analogue signals
17
Q
3 various animal signals
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- coordinate group movements
- transmit navigation information
- communicate arrival at destination
18
Q
migratory species such as birds, whales, travels in group relying on visual & auditory signals to maintain cohesion & navigate effectively
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coordinate group movements
19
Q
some animals like birds use celestial cues & magnetic fields for navigation & may communicate this information to other
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transmitt navigation information
20
Q
upon reaching the distination; animals may use signals to inform others of the suitability of the habitat
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communicate arrival at destination
21
Q
types of animal communication
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- auditory communication
- visual communication
- tactile communication
- chemical communication
- thermal communication
- seismic communication
- olfactory communication
- autocomunication
22
Q
whistling of wild dogs
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dholes
23
Q
sper, whales use clicks for communication, in a sophisticated way
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codas
24
is a type of primates that is very vocal,used calls for territorial purpose, mating, warning & distress. It uses ultrasonic vocalizations (too high pitched for human to hear, used for private communication)
tarsiers
25
signals that can be seen such as "non-verbally"
visual communication
26
great crested grebe is a synchronized courtship dance with a mate perform by ?
peacocks with a mate
27
waggling tail is made by a dog, means that the dog is excited. If the tail is stiff what does it means?
alert or aggressive
28
flapping ear in elephant can cool them down, but also signal agitation but it can also indicate??
alertness
29
waggle dance is a figure eight movement that tells other group where to find food, what type of species exhibit this waggle dance ?
bees
30
visual is composed of ?
1. gesture & poisture
2. movement
3. colourations
4. supernormal stimuli
5. photo-communication
31
is a widely used signals commonly used in mating rituals & may place other signals such as bright coloring on dislplay
gesture & poisture
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this species communicate a threat by raising their arms, stapping the ground, staring directly at another group.
chimpanzee
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this species skins around female reproductive organs become bright red or pink when she's fertile a signal that she's ready to mate
monkey
34
this has a fixed, bright colors used to warn predators that he's toxic & it's not edible.
Poison Dart Frogs
35
is a special kind of color pattern used to decieve; it copies the color or appearance of another for protecton
mimicry
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this is a non-toxic & edible but has evolves to look very similar to monarch mimicking it's toxic appearance, mimicking the monarch butterfly which is very toxic
viceroy butterfly
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this species changes it's color by the influence of it's emotion, temperature & light, it's influenced by cells in their skin called chromatophores
chameleons
38
bright colourations is an example of ?
aposematism
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or superstimulus; an exagerated version of stimulus taht elicits a response more strongly than the stimulus for which it evolved
supernormal stimuli
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supernormal stimuli is introduced by a pioineering ethologist
nikolaas tinbergen
41
give two example of supernormal stimuli
1. male fiddler crabs
2. hornbills & toucans
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suggest that supernormal stimuli also affect human behavior, without conscious awareness
## Footnote
ex. red lipstick attracts male
Dr. Barret
43
this communications is common in aquatic 7 teristial animal
light communication
44
is a sound w/a frequency below the lower limit of human hearing 20hz
infrasound or infrasonic (related to a caharacterized infrasound)
45
communication by the production of light occurs mostly in vertebrates & interinvertebrate in the ocean. occur in fireflies & glow worms.
## Footnote
2 well known form of land bioluminiscence
photo-communication
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most common species of fireflies, distinguished by it's J-Shaped flash pattern
photinus pyralis
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attenuation cuing to a heat losses & scattering ground.
higher frequency
48
os often greatest at low & high frequencies making intermediate frequencies most likely to be absobed by the background
ambient sound
49
this species croaks to attracts female frog as mates
bullfrogs
50
this species uses calls to mark their territory, keeping potential competitors away & even their offsprings makes call
gibbon
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this species produces various noises like whistles, chirps & clicks and arrange them in complex
dolphins
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this species have diff. calls to indicate different predators
vervet monkeys
53
this type of communication has limited in range than other types of signals. As two organisms must be right next to each other in order to touch
tactile communication
54
waggle dance is used by honeybees to indicate the location of food, done in the dakness inside the nest but bees intrepret this dance tru?
touch
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this species recruit fellow workers to find new food by tapping them with their antennae & forelegs then leads them to food source
ant
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this species also uses tactile communication, showing social relationship for example the groom each other-removing parasites & perform other hygiene task.
primates
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this species often initiate mating by grooming, stroking or rubbing against each other
mammals
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tactile communication also serves as?
social integration & promote heat exchanges
59
in bear crubs how do they use tactile communication ?
wrestle with each other
60
this type of communication is the least understood
chemical communication
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this chemical signals used to trigger a response in another individual of the same species, it's an ascent based signals
pheromones
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pheromone may indicate:
1. attracts opposite sex
2. raise an alarm
3. territory making
4. alarm calls
5. mark food trail
6. trigger
63
this species has an ability to sense infrared thermal radiation that allows reptiles to derive thermal images from radiant heat emitted by predators or prey wavelengths between 5 to 30 um
snake
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this species can target it's strike to the vulnerable body parts of a prey animals, it's pit organs evolved primary as **"prey detectors"** but also believed that it can be used to control body temperature.
blind rattle snake
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this snake has a more advanced having suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure; it's a family of crotalinae
pit vipers
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this can detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the facial pits of a snake is a temperature sensitive ion channel. It sensed infrared signals tru mechanism involving warming of pit organ
photoreceptors
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68
this are only mammals that feed exclusively on blood, it's a vampire bats that has IR sensors
desmodus rotundus
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is the exchange of information using self-generated vibrational signals transmitted via a substance such as; soil, water, spider webs, plant stems, blade of grass
## Footnote
can't be seet regardless of light & noise levels and has short range
seismic communication
70
the use of seismic communication is mostly found in ?
1. taxa
2. frogs
3. kangaro rats
4. mole rats
5. bees
6. nematode worms
71
this species makes seismic waves by drumming on the ground with a body part; this signals that is sensed by the sacculus of the reciever
tetrapods
72
is an organ of inner ear; contains membrane sac use for balanced and seismic waves
sacculus
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is an oldest method of communication, that has an ability to detect chemicals in the environment
olfactory communications
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is a common form of olfactory communication in mammals
## Footnote
ex. minnows has ability to percieve the prescence of predator
scent marking
75
type of communication where sender & reciever are same individuals
autocommunication
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autocommunication has 2 types:
1. active electrolocation
2. echolocation
77
this is found in electric fish, elephant fish & platypus
active electrolocation
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this is a rare form of communications; seen in aquatic animals & some land mammals
electrolocation
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this 2 species can sense electric feild that might be used for communication
platypus & echidnas
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sharks & rays are able to eavesdrop on these electrogenic fish tru ?
passive electroreceptors
81
use of sound waves & echos to determine where objects are in space, animals that uses this communications emit calls to environment & listen to the echos, using echos to locate & identify the objects \.
echolocation
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this is a constant frequency or F calls identify potential prey
narrowband calls
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frequency modulations or Fm calls scan the landscapes
broadband calls
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General Significance Of Animal Communication
1. Coordination & Cooperation
2. Social Structure
3. Reproduction
4. Survival
85
seasonal movement of animals between diff. habitats; remarkable feat of biological engineering, it navigate vast distance often across diverse terrains & environmental conditions
migrations
86
why animals migrate?
1. food
2. climate
3. breeding
4. finding resources
87
example of migratory animals
1. birds
2. whales
3. butterfly
4. fish
5. mammals
88
navigation strategies
1. sun, moon & stars
2. landmarks
3. magnetic field
4. scent
89
Evolutionary drivers of migration
1. resource availabilty
2. climate change
3. predation & competition
90
interplay of communication & migration
1. communication plays a vital role in successful migration
2. communication & migration is shaped by natural selection to enhance survival & reproduction
3. diverse mechanism employ to communicate & navigate adaptability & complexity of animal kingdom
