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Biology paper2 > Animal coordination, control and homeostatsis > Flashcards

Animal coordination, control and homeostatsis Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

they are chemicals released by the body that affect particular cells

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2
Q

what are endocrine glands

A

they release hormones

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3
Q

when is the pituitary gland found

A

in the brain

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4
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

this is the main gland and it releases hormones that maintain body conditions. these hormones also act on other glands

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5
Q

what hormones does the pituitary gland release

A

it releases many but the main ones are FSH and LH

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6
Q

where are the ovaries found

A

in the female body near the hip

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7
Q

what hormones do ovaries release

A

oestrogen

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8
Q

what is oestrogen involved in

A

menstrual cycle

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9
Q

where are the testes found

A

in the male body and near the hip

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10
Q

what hormones do testes release

A

testosterone

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11
Q

what is the hormone released by the testes responsible for?

A

it controls puberty and sperm production in males

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12
Q

where is the thyroid gland found

A

in the neck

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13
Q

what hormone does the thyroid gland release

A

thyroxine

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14
Q

what does thyroxine do

A

it regulates rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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15
Q

where are the adrenal glands found

A

in the stomach area

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16
Q

what hormones do adrenal glands produce

A

adrenalin

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17
Q

what does adrenaline do

A

targets vital organs, increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen. it gets the brain ready for a fight or flight response

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18
Q

where is the pancreas found

A

in the stomach area

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19
Q

what hormones do pancreas produce

A

insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

what are insulin and glucagon used for?

A

to regulate blood glucose level

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21
Q

what are the differences between neurons and hormones

A

neurons:
-fast action
-act for a short time
-act in a precise area
hormones:
-slower action
-act for a long time
-act in a more general area

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22
Q

how does adrenaline make your heart rate and blood pressure increase

A

it binds onto specific receptors in the heart. this will make the heart contract quicker

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23
Q

what is negative feedback

A

this is how the body controls the level of hormones in the blood. If the body detects that the level of a substance is above or below the normal level, it triggers a response to get it back to normal again

24
Q

how is the amount of thyroxine in blood regulated?

A

-when thyroxine level is lower than normal, the hypothalamus is stimulated to release TRH
-TRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release TSH
-TSH stimulates the thyroid hormone to release thyroxine, so the blood thyroxine level rises back towards normal

25
Q

what occurs in the four stages of the menstrual cycle

A

Stage 1- Day 1 is when mensuration starts. in this stage, the lining of the uterus breaks down and is released
Stage 2- the uterus lining is repaired. from day 4 to 14, it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready for a fertilized egg to get implanted
Stage 3- an egg develops and is released from the ovary at day 14
Stage 4- the lining is maintained until day 28. if no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus, the spongy lining breaks down and starts again

26
Q

what is the purpose of FSH in the menstrual cycle

A

this causes the follicle to mature. it also stimulates oestrogen production

27
Q

what is meant by the follicle

A

this is the egg and its surrounding cells

28
Q

what is the purpose of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle

A

causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow. stimulates LH

29
Q

what is the purpose of LH in the menstrual cycle

A

stimulates ovulation at day 14. it also makes the leftover follicle to develop into corpus luteum which secretes progesterone

30
Q

what is the purpose of progesterone in the menstrual cycle

A

maintains the lining of the uterus. stops the release of FSH and LH. this stops another egg being released

31
Q

what happens when there is low progesterone and oestrogen level

A

the uterus lining breaks down

32
Q

what happens when there is low progesterone level

A

this allows the FSH to increase which will start over the menstrual cycle

33
Q

what happens to the progesterone level if an egg is released

A

the level progesterone will remain high to maintain the lining of the uterus

34
Q

what is clomifene therapy

A

this is when women who dont ovulate take a drug called clomifene. this causes more FSH and LH to be released by the body, which stimulates egg maturation and ovulation. the couple can have sex during this period to improve the chance of becoming pregnant

35
Q

what is in vitro fertilisation

A

this is when eggs from women and sperm from men are taken and grown into embryos in a lab. then, they will be transferred into the womans uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy

36
Q

how can oestrogen act as a contraceptive

A

if oestrogen is taken every day, it will keep the level of oestrogen high which will then inhibit the production of FSH

37
Q

how can progesterone act as a contraceptive

A

this stimulates the production of thick mucus. this will prevent the sperm from getting through the entrance of the uterus

38
Q

what happens when blood glucose concentration is too high?

A

-insulin is secreted by the pancreas.
-the glucose then moves from the blood into liver
-the insulin then makes the liver turn the glucose into glycogen

39
Q

what happens when blood glucose concentration is too low

A

-glucagon is secreted by the pancreas
-the glucagon then enters into the liver
-it makes the liver turn the glycogen stored in the liver into glucose
-this glucose is then released into the blood

40
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

this is when the pancreas produces little or no insulin. this will cause the persons blood glucose to rise which can be fatal.

41
Q

how can type 1 diabetes be treated

A

this is treated with insulin therapy. this involves the person injecting insulin into fatty tissue so it can enter into the bloodstream. this makes sure glucose is removed quickly

42
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

this is when the pancreas doesnt produce enough insulin or produces so much that insulin doesnt have an affect on them. in this case blood glucose level rises

43
Q

how can type 2 diabetes be controlled

A

by eating a healthy diet and taking regular excersise

44
Q

what are some adaptations that your body does when your too hot

A

-erector muscles relax so your hair lies flat
-lots of sweat released. when this evaporates, it transfers energy from your skin to the environment
-vasodilation happens in the blood vessels near your skin. it allows more blood to flow near the surface so it can transfer more energy into the surroundings which cools you down

45
Q

what are some adaptations that you body does when your too cold

A

erector muscles contract. hairs stand on end to trap a layer of air which will keep you warm
-very little sweat is produced
-vasoconstriction occurs meaning less bloodflows near the surface so less energy is transferred to the surroundings
-you also shiver which will increase your rate of respiration

46
Q

what happens in the body if the water concentration is too high

A

the water will move into the cells by osmosis. it too much water moves in, the cell may burst

47
Q

what are the three main roles of the kidneys

A

-removal of urea
-adjustment of ion levels in the blood
-adjustment of water content of the blood

48
Q

what are the nephrons

A

they are the filtration units in the kidneys

49
Q

where in the nephron is the water being reabsorbed

A

loop of henle

50
Q

how do the nephrons work?

A

-blood flows into glomerulus-it wont allow RBC or any blood cell or protein to pass- it only allows water, glucose and ura to pass
-1st convuluted tuble- glucose reabsorbed by osmosis- has lots of mitochondria
-loop of henle- water is reabsorbed by osmosis
-collecting duct-water reabsorbed by osmosis by adh

51
Q

what happens when there is not enough water in your body

A

-your brain detects water loss
-pituitary gland releases more ADH(Anti diuretic hormone)
-ADH makes kidneys reabsorb more water
-this will then rehydrate you

52
Q

what happens when there is too much water in your body

A

-your brain detects water gain
-pituitary gland releases less ADH
less ADH means kidney reabsorbs less water
- this will decrease amount of water in your body

53
Q

what does a dialysis machine do?

A

it can be used to filter a persons blood if they have kidney failure

54
Q

what is kidney failure

A

this is when the patients kidneys cant filter their blood properly

55
Q

how do you use a dialysis machine

A

the dialysis fluid has the same concentration of salts and glucose as blood plasma. the barrier between the blood is permeable so waste can diffuse out of the blood and into the dialysis fluid. however, they barrier is not big enough for proteins and blood to pass.

56
Q

why does dialysis need to be done regularly

A

so it can keep the dissolved substances in the right concentration and to remove waste

57
Q

what is the risk of kidney transplants

A

the donor kidney can be rejected by the patients immune system

Biology paper2 (4 decks)

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