Animal Coordination, Control and Homeostasis T7

Question 1

What are Hormones?

Answer 1

Hormones are chemical messengers sent in the blood.

Question 2

What are Endocrine glands?

Answer 2

Glands which produce Hormones.

Question 3

Name the 6 glands in the endocrine system.

Answer 3

Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal glands, The Pancreas, Testes (male only) and The Ovaries (female only).

Question 4

What hormone does the Ovaries produce?

Answer 4

Oestrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

Question 5

Which hormone does the Testes produce?

Answer 5

Testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males.

Question 6

Which hormone does The Pancreas produce?

Answer 6

Insulin, which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

Question 7

Which hormone do The Adrenal glands produce?

Answer 7

Adrenaline, which is used to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response.

Question 8

Which hormone does the Thyroid gland produce?

Answer 8

Thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

Question 9

What is a common attribute to a hormonal response?

Answer 9

If a response lasts for a long time, but is quite slow, the it is probably hormonal.

Question 10

What is a common attribute to a nerve response?

Answer 10

If the response is really quick, acts for a very short time and on a precise area, then it is probably nervous.

Question 11

How does Adrenaline increase the supply of oxygen?

Answer 11

Adrenaline binds to specific receptors in the heart. This causes the heart muscle to contract more frequently and with more force, so heart rate and blood pressure increase which increases oxygen flow to the muscles.

Question 12

How does Adrenaline increase the supply of glucose to the body?

Answer 12

Adrenaline binds to receptors in the liver, this causes the liver to break down its glycogen stores to release glucose. This increases the blood glucose level, so there is more glucose in the blood to be transported to the cells.

Question 13

What is negative feedback?

Answer 13

Negative feedback is when your body can detect whether a level of substance has gone above or below the normal level, and trigger a response to release hormones and bring the level back to normal again.

Question 14

What is stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

The lining of the uterus breaks down and is released.

Question 15

What is stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 15

The uterus lining is repaired until it becomes a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels again

Question 16

What is stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 16

An egg develops and is released from the ovary (ovulation) at around day 14.

Question 17

What is stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 17

The lining is the maintained for 14 days. If no fertilised egg has landed in the uterus, the spongy lining starts to break down and the cycle starts over.

Question 18

What does the hormone FSH do?

Answer 18

Released by the pituitary gland, FSH causes a follicle (an egg and its surrounding cells) to mature in one of the ovaries.

Question 19

What does the hormone Oestrogen do?

Answer 19

Released by the ovaries, it causes the lining of the uterus to thicken and grow.

Question 20

What does the hormone LH do?

Answer 20

Released by the pituitary gland, the LH surge stimulates ovulation at day 14 - also creates a corpus lutem from the follicle remains - which secretes progesterone.

Question 21

What does the hormone Progesterone do?

Answer 21

Released by the Corpus Luteum after ovulation, maintains the lining of the uterus, inhibits the release of LH and FSH, when the progesterone level falls and there is a low oestrogen level, the uterus lining breaks down.
A low progesterone level allows FSH to increase.

Question 22

What is Ovulation?

Answer 22

When a egg develops and is released from the ovaries.

Question 23

What is IVF (in vitro fertilisation)?

Answer 23

IVF involves collecting eggs from the female and sperm from the the male and infusing outside in a lab and then put back into the female’s uterus to increase the chance of pregnancy.

Question 24

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 24

Homeostasis is maintaining and regulating the stability and constancy needed to function properly.

Question 25

What is Osmoregulation?

Answer 25

Osmoregulation is regulating water content, you need to keep a balance between the water you gain and the water you excrete.

Question 26

What is Thermoregulation?

Answer 26

Thermoregulation is regulating body temperature, you need to reduce your body temperature when you’re hot, but increase it when the environment is cold.

Question 27

What does Insulin?

Answer 27

Reduces blood glucose levels.

Question 28

What does glucogen do?

Answer 28

Turns glycogen into glucose in the liver. | Increases blood glucose levels.

Question 29

What is Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 29

When the pancreas produces little to no insulin. The result is that a person’s blood glucose can rise to a level that can kill them.

Question 30

What is Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 30

It is a condition where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin or when a person become resistant to insulin. The blood glucose level rises.

Question 31

How do you calculate BMI?

Answer 31

BMI = weight (kg) / height (m) squared

Question 32

How to calculate waist to hip ratio?

Answer 32

Waist to hip ratio = waist circumference (cm) / hip circumference (cm)

Question 33

What is the normal body temperature?

Answer 33

37 degrees celcius.

Question 34

What part of the brain regulates body temperature?

Answer 34

Hypothalumus

Question 35

What happens when you are too hot?

Answer 35

Hair lies flat, lots of sweat and Vasodilation

Question 36

What happens when you are too cold?

Answer 36

Hairs stand on end to trap an insulating layer of air near the surface of the skin, Very little sweat is produced. You also shiver to produce heat

Question 37

What are the 3 main roles of the Urinary system?

Answer 37

1. Removal of urea from the blood. Urea is produced in the liver from breakdown of excess amino acids. 2. Adjustment of ion levels in the blood. 3. Adjustment or water content of the blood.

Question 38

What happens in each nephron?

Answer 38

The liquid part of the blood is forced out of the glomerulus and into the bowman’s capsule at high pressure (ultra filtration). Bigger molecules (e.g proteins) and blood cells can’t pass through the membranes and are not forced out. As the liquid flows along the nephron, useful substances are reabsorbed. Whatever is not reabsorbed continues out of the nephron via the collecting duct. It passes into the ureter and down to the bladder as urine.

Question 39

How much of the ‘useful liquid’ is reabsorbed into the kidneys?

Answer 39

All of the glucose, sufficient ions and sufficient water is reabsorbed according to the hormone ADH.

Question 40

What does the hormone ADH do?

Answer 40

ADH makes the collecting ducts of the nephron more permeable so that more water is absorbed into the blood, this stops the body from being dehydrated.

Question 41

What is Dialysis?

Answer 41

Dialysis is for patients who have kidney failure and cannot filter their own blood, so a machine does it for them.

Question 42

How does a Dialysis machine work?

Answer 42

The patients blood goes in, anti coagulant prevents the blood from clotting, the blood then enters the dialysis machine, an air trap and detector prevents any air bubbles going back into the patient and the procedure is complete.

Question 43

What is a kidney transplant?

Answer 43

A kidney transplant is where a healthy kidney from someone who has died recently or someone who is a registered donor, is replaced with the faulty kidney within the patients.

Question 44

What problems could you have with a kidney transplant?

Answer 44

The body may reject the kidney and have the immune system attack it. This is because the body treats the new kidney as a foreign object. Actions to prevent this are to take immune suppressant drugs which disable you immune system, the only downside of this is that it can increase the risk of infection