Animal Diseases

Question 1

An impairment of the normal state of ananimalthat interrupts or modifies its vital functions.

Answer 1

Animal disease

Question 2

inability to perform physiologic functions at normal levels even though nutrition and other environmental requirements are provided at adequate levels

Answer 2

Disease

Question 3

a combination of fever, cough, increased respiratory rate, abnormal lung sounds, presence of inflammatory exudate in tracheal mucus, radiographic evidence of abnormalities in the lungs, an inflammatory leukogram, and distinctive lesions in lungs at postmortem examination

Answer 3

pneumonia

Question 4

diseases communicable from animals to man

Answer 4

zoonoses

Question 5

primary public-health problem throughout the world is ___________ in the diet of humans

Answer 5

animal-protein deficiency

Question 6

was the most important livestock disease from the 5th century

Answer 6

Rinderpest (cattle plague)

Question 7

the first veterinary college

Answer 7

École Nationale Vétérinaire

Question 8

His work was of fundamental significance to general medicine and to agriculture.

Answer 8

Pasteur

Question 9

have long been recognized as agents of human disease

Answer 9

Animals

Question 10

was originally defined as a group of diseases that man is able to acquire from domesticated animals

Answer 10

zoonosis

Question 11

the study of epidemics

Answer 11

Epidemiology

Question 12

defined as the medical aspect of ecology, for it is the study of diseases in animal populations

Answer 12

Epidemiology

Question 13

Some outbreaks are termed __________ because they appear only occasionally in individuals within an animal population

Answer 13

sporadic diseases

Question 14

Diseases normally present in an area and they usually reflect a relatively stable relationship between the causative agent and the animals affected by it

Answer 14

Endemic diseases or Enzootic diseases

Question 15

Diseases that occasionally occur at higher than normal rates in animal populations and they generally represent an unstable relationship between the causative agent and affected animals

Answer 15

epidemic diseases or epizootic diseases

Question 16

A process when the changes involve the accumulation of materials within the cells comprising tissues

Answer 16

infiltration

Question 17

the cells first affected by the the mildest type of degeneration are the specialized cells of these organs

Answer 17

liver and kidney

Question 18

Serious cellular damage may cause the uptake of water by cells, which lose their structural features as they fill with water.

Answer 18

hydropic degeneration

Question 19

Poisons such as ________ may cause sudden increases in the accumulation of fats in the liver.

Answer 19

phosphorus

Question 20

An abnormal protein material may accumulate in connective-tissue components of small arteries as a result of chronic pneumonia, chronic bacterial infections, and prolonged antitoxin production (in horses); the condition is known as

Answer 20

amyloid degeneration and infiltration

Question 21

characterized by tissues that become clear and appear glasslike, usually occurs in connective-tissue components of small blood vessels as a result of conditions that may occur in kidney structures (glomeruli) of animals with nephritis or in lymph glands of animals with tuberculosis

Answer 21

Hyaline degeneration

Question 22

The condition in which mucus, a secretion of mucous membranes lining the inside surfaces of organs, is produced in excess and accumulates in greater than normal amounts

Answer 22

mucoid degeneration

Question 23

Abnormal amounts of glycogen, which is the principal storage carbohydrate of animals, may occur in the liver as a result of certain inherited diseases of animals

Answer 23

glycogen infiltration

Question 24

abnormal deposition of calcium salts

Answer 24

hypercalcification

Question 25

bonelike tissue

Answer 25

cartilage

Question 26

Pigments (coloured molecules) from coal dust or asbestos dust may infiltrate the lungs of certain dogs in these two types of lung disease

Answer 26

anthracosis and asbestosis

Question 27

iron-containing coloured molecules

Answer 27

hemosiderin

Question 28

the oxygen-carrying protein of red blood cells

Answer 28

hemoglobin

Question 29

dark-coloured molecule

Answer 29

melanin

Question 30

A dark-coloured molecule (melanin) occurs abnormally in the livers of certain sheep suffering from _______ and in certain tumours called ________

Answer 30

Dubin–Johnson syndrome melanomas

Question 31

occurs in poultry, is characterized by the deposition of uric acid salts

Answer 31

Uric acid infiltration

Question 32

the death of cells or tissues, takes place if the blood supply to tissues is restricted

Answer 32

Necrosis

Question 33

The rotting of the dead tissue

Answer 33

gangrene

Question 34

involves a process of tissue wasting, in which a decrease occurs in the size or number of functional cells

Answer 34

Atrophy

Question 35

an increase in the size of the cells in a tissue or an organ—occurs in heart muscle during diseases involving the heart valves, in certain pneumonias, and in some diseases of the endocrine glands

Answer 35

Hypertrophy

Question 36

term used when an entire organ is missing from an animal

Answer 36

Aplasia

Question 37

indicates arrested or incomplete development of an organ

Answer 37

hypoplasia

Question 38

an increase in the production of the number of cells—e.g., the persistent callus that forms on the elbows of some dogs

Answer 38

hyperplasia

Question 39

is used to describe the change of one cell type into another; it may occur in chronic irritation of tissues and in certain cancerous tumours

Answer 39

Metaplasia

Question 40

the inflammatory processes are active

Answer 40

acute inflammation

Question 41

the processes occur slowly and new connective tissue is formed

Answer 41

chronic inflammation

Question 42

is characterized by redness, heat, swelling, sensitivity, and impaired function.

Answer 42

Acute inflammation

Question 43

Mild acute inflammations of mucous membranes resulting in the production of thin watery material (exudate) are called

Answer 43

catarrhal inflammations

Question 44

occur in organs undergoing degeneration

Answer 44

parenchymatous inflammations

Question 45

If the exudate formed in response to an injury is of a serous nature—that is, resembling blood plasma—the process is called

Answer 45

serous inflammation

Question 46

a protein (fibrin) forms on membranes, including those in the lungs.

Answer 46

fibrinous inflammation

Question 47

dead tissue is replaced with pus composed of colourless blood cells (leucocytes) and tissue juices

Answer 47

suppurative inflammation

Question 48

Specialized cells called _______ enter the tissue and remove blood and tissue debris.

Answer 48

macrophages

Question 49

ingest disease-causing bacteria and other foreign material

Answer 49

neutrophils

Question 50

The connective tissue contains fibroblasts, cells that divide and form new connective, or scar, tissue.

Answer 50

chronic inflammations

Question 51

An increase in the rate of blood flow to a body part, which occurs during inflammation

Answer 51

congestion, or hyperemia

Question 52

An increase in the rate of blood flow to a body part, which occurs during inflammation

Answer 52

congestion, or hyperemia

Question 53

A diminished blood flow to tissues

Answer 53

ischemia or local anemia

Question 54

Examples of hemorrhage, the escape of blood from vessels

Answer 54

epistaxis hematemesis hemoptysis hematuria

Question 55

nosebleeds or?

Answer 55

epistaxis

Question 56

hematemesis or?

Answer 56

regurgitation

Question 57

blood loss from lungs

Answer 57

hemoptysis

Question 58

blood in urine

Answer 58

hematuria

Question 59

A condition that is characterized by abnormal accumulations of fluid in tissues, occurs not only in a tissue during inflammation but also over the entire body if the concentration of blood-serum proteins, especially albumin, is low.

Answer 59

Edema

Question 60

which is a blood clot in a blood vessel, may block or slow circulation of blood to tissues

Answer 60

thrombosis

Question 61

if blood vessels become blocked

Answer 61

embolism

Question 62

describes the necrosis that occurs in tissues whose blood supply is blocked by an embolism

Answer 62

infarction

Question 63

Malignant tumours

Answer 63

melanomas squamous cell carcinomas

Question 64

tend to spread rapidly and usually cause death

Answer 64

Malignant tumours

Question 65

the information pertaining to an animal (or to a herd of animals) that is suspected of having a disease is begun at the time the animal is taken to a veterinarian (or the veterinarian visits the animal) and is continued through treatment.

Answer 65

case recording

Question 66

Methods used in the preparation of a diagnosis

Answer 66

1. inspection 2. percussion 3. auscultation 4. smells 5. miscellaneous diagnostic procedures

Question 67

a visual examination of the animal

Answer 67

inspection

Question 68

the application of firm pressure with the fingers to tissues to determine characteristics such as abnormal shapes and possible tumours, the presence of pain, and tissue consistency

Answer 68

palpation

Question 69

the application of a short, sharp blow to a tissue to provoke an audible response from body parts directly beneath

Answer 69

percussion

Question 70

the act of listening to sounds that are produced by the body during the performance of functions (e.g., breathing, intestinal movements)

Answer 70

auscultation

Question 71

the recognition of characteristic odours associated with certain diseases

Answer 71

smells

Question 72

such as eye examinations, the collection of urine, and heart, esophageal, and stomach studies

Answer 72

miscellaneous diagnostic procedures

Question 73

The poisoning of sheep by _______ in their hay may be diagnosed by the loss of colour in the wool of black sheep.

Answer 73

molybdenum

Question 74

Ulceration of the tongue may be apparent in animals suffering from this bacteria, a disease of bacterial origin.

Answer 74

actinobacillosis

Question 75

a condition in which the passage of light through the lens of the eye is obstructed, may result from a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus), infections, or a hereditary defect

Answer 75

Cataract

Question 76

may be the earliest sign of disease.

Answer 76

elevated temperature, or fever,

Question 77

A low level of calcium in the serum component of blood in lactating dairy cattle

Answer 77

milk fever

Question 78

which function in blood coagulation

Answer 78

platelets

Question 79

Swine develop ________ poisoning if they eat too much grain that has been treated with mercury compounds to retard spoilage.

Answer 79

mercury poisoning

Question 80

which contains a substance poisonous to the liver of cattle

Answer 80

ragwort

Question 81

poisonous plants if eaten

Answer 81

bracken fern

Question 82

A disease in which the pancreas cannot form adequate quantities of a substance (insulin) important in regulating carbohydrate metabolism.

Answer 82

diabetes mellitus

Question 83

The urine of horses with azoturia (excessive quantities of nitrogen-containing compounds in the urine) or muscle breakdown may contain a dark-coloured molecule called

Answer 83

myoglobin

Question 84

mplies an interaction between two living organisms, called the host and the parasite

Answer 84

infection

Question 85

is a type of parasitism, which may be defined as the state of existence of one organism (the parasite) at the expense of another (the host)

Answer 85

Infection

Question 86

Agents (e.g., certain viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, worms, and arthropods) capable of producing disease are called?

Answer 86

pathogens

Question 87

The term refers to the ability of a parasite to enter a host and produce disease

Answer 87

pathogenicity

Question 88

degree of pathogenicity—that is, the ability of an organism to cause infection—is known as?

Answer 88

virulence

Question 89

barrier known as?

Answer 89

immunity

Question 90

which are proteins formed in response to a specific substance (called an antigen) recognized by the body as foreign, are another important factor in preventing infection.

Answer 90

Antibodies

Question 91

As certain bacterial species multiply, they may produce and liberate poisons, called ________, into the tissues

Answer 91

exotoxins

Question 92

which produce disease only when liberated at the time of death of the bacterial cell

Answer 92

endotoxins

Question 93

Some bacteria, such as certain species of Clostridium and Bacillus, have inactive forms called ________ that are highly resistant to environmental conditions such as heat, cold, and chemical compounds called disinfectants

Answer 93

spores

Question 94

chemical compounds which are able to kill many active bacteria

Answer 94

disinfectants

Question 95

The term __________ indicates that animals, including spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), roundworms (Nematoda), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and arthropods such as lice, fleas, mites, and ticks, are present in or on the body of a host. This is not necessarily parasitic.

Answer 95

infestation

Question 96

are not caused by virulent pathogens and are not communicable from one animal to another.

Answer 96

Noninfectious diseases

Question 97

are human diseases acquired from or transmitted to any other vertebrate animal.

Answer 97

zoonoses

Question 98

four principal types of Zoonoses

Answer 98

direct zoonoses cyclozoonoses metazoonoses saprozoonoses

Question 99

such as rabies and brucellosis, which are maintained in nature by one vertebrate species

Answer 99

direct zoonoses

Question 100

tapeworm infections are an example, requires at least two different vertebrate species.

Answer 100

cyclozoonoses

Question 101

Both vertebrate and invertebrate animals are required as intermediate hosts in the transmission to humans; arboviral and trypanosomal diseases are good example

Answer 101

metazoonoses

Question 102

(for example, histoplasmosis) may require, in addition to vertebrate hosts, specific environmental locations or reservoirs.

Answer 102

saprozoonoses

Question 103

may be transmitted through cat bites

Answer 103

Cat scratch disease

Question 104

deadly virus can spread by monkey bites

Answer 104

herpes B virus

Question 105

.Japanese puffers, for example, contain the poisonous chemical compound called?

Answer 105

tetrodotoxin

Question 106

control of diseases

Answer 106

mass immunization quarantine

Question 107

is the first line of defense against disease

Answer 107

Prevention

Question 108

the restriction of movement of animals suffering from or exposed to infections such as bluetongue and scrapie (in sheep), foot-and-mouth disease (in cattle), and rabies (in dogs)—is one of the oldest tools of preventive medicine.

Answer 108

Quarantine

Question 109

a preventive technique has the advantage of allowing the resistant animal freedom of movement, provide only short-lived and partial protection

Answer 109

Mass immunization