Animal Diversity

Question 1

This cellular level of organization has specialized cells that integrate their activities

Answer 1

Parazoa

Question 2

The phylum Porifera or sponges are distinguished by their skeletal characteristics, True or False?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Sponges are called filter feeders because?

Answer 3

They are sessile and must filter the water to separate the organisms and nutrients they need and eat

Question 4

In what forms do sponges grow?

Answer 4

Solitary, colonial, branching, or thin as sheets

Question 5

The cavity of the sponge is called a?

Answer 5

Spongocoel

Question 6

This is a triple helix of tissues that binds cells into tissues, even in sponges

Answer 6

Collagen

Question 7

The walled cells of plants and fungi are held together by other molecules called?

Answer 7

Pectin

Question 8

It is the indicator that animals arose once from a common unicellular ancestor

Answer 8

Presence of collagen

Question 9

The muscles that distinguish animals from plants or fungi are the?

Answer 9

Specializations of the actin
and myosin microfilaments common to all eukaryotic cells.

Question 10

This constrains an animal to maintain more or less the same shape throughout its active life.

Answer 10

Mobility

Question 11

The sessile, filter-feeding way of life shown by sponges has favored a body plan of?

Answer 11

Radial symmetry

Question 12

This is a tissue level of organization

Answer 12

Radiata

Question 13

Because discrete cells of different types do not carry out the internal functions of the animals, coelenterates are considered to be organized at only a cellular level, True or False?

Answer 13

False
coelenterates are organized at a tissue level (cnidarians and Ctenophora)

Question 14

______ and ______ become ineffective at rather a small size

Answer 14

Flagella and cilia

Question 15

Muscles contract by a cellular mechanism like that used in a movement where there are interactions of actin and myosin filaments, this is called a what?

Answer 15

Amoeboid locomotion

Question 16

Through coordinated contraction of many
cells, movement of large individuals becomes possible, True or False?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Like parazoans, these also only have two body layers, an endoderm for feeding and an ectoderm for protection

Answer 17

Coelenterates

Question 18

Between the endoderm and the ectoderm of
coelenterates is the ________, a gelatinous mass that contains connective fibers of collagen and usually some cells.

Answer 18

Mesoglea

Question 19

Coelenterates contain _______ and _________ in both layers and at the base is a central cavity.

Answer 19

Muscle fibers and a two-dimensional web of nerve cells

Question 20

Cleavage of a fertilized egg produces a hollow sphere of?

Answer 20

Flagellated cells or the blastula

Question 21

The gastrula is called the _________ in species in which this stage of development is free-living.

Answer 21

Planula larva

Question 22

The mouth forms once the planula larva has settled, True or False?

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What are two-layered animals called?

Answer 23

Diploblastic

Question 24

All coelenterates are more or less radially
symmetrical, True or False?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Phylum Porifera to phylum Cnidaria all have bilaterally symmetrical ancestors, True or False?

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What are the differences between having a cavity in the middle layer?

Answer 26

Acoelomates have no internal fluid-filled body cavity (coelom). Pseudocoelomates have a cavity between the endoderm and the mesoderm layers (not lined with peritoneum) Coelomates have a cavity within the mesoderm (lined with peritoneum)

Question 27

Coelomates have a cavity within the mesoderm, which can show one of two types of development:

Answer 27

Schizocoelous or enterocoelic.

Question 28

Most _______ show schizocoelous development, in which the mesoderm proliferates from a single cell and divides to form a mass on each side of the body;

Answer 28

Protostomes

Question 29

_________ show enterocoelic pouching, in which the endoderm evaginates and pinches off discrete pouches, the cavities of which become the coelom and the wall the mesoderm.

Answer 29

Deuterostomes

Question 30

It is an organ level of organization

Answer 30

Bilateria

Question 31

Unlike sessile sponges and floating jellies, ______ typically move actively in pursuit of food

Answer 31

Bilateria

Question 32

In this level of organization, the body plans that are generally recognized are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.

Answer 32

Bilateria

Question 33

This is a fact that defines the bilateral symmetry of Bilateria

Answer 33

Organs of locomotion arranged along both sides of the organism

Question 34

These are the most prevalent skeletal system used by animals for movement and support.

Answer 34

Hydrostatic skeleton

Question 35

The lack of a fluid-filled cavity adjacent to the muscles reduces the extent to which the muscles can contract and the force they exert

Answer 35

True

Question 36

These are considered to be the ancestors of all other Bilateria.

Answer 36

Flatworms

Question 37

In those animals with a body cavity used in locomotion, gravity would pull the gut down and severely curtail body size, True or False?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

The advantage of a true coelom is the ability of the inner mesenteric (mostly connective tissue) layer to suspend the central gut in the middle of the animal, True or False?

Answer 38

True

Question 39

______ is the main function of the coelom in vertebrates, which achieve the largest body sizes among animals by virtue of an endoskeleton that does not need to be shed during growth.

Answer 39

Suspension

Question 40

Phylum Annelida is a protostome coelomate, True or False?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

In early development, protostome coelomates mostly differ from deuterostome coelomates in the following ways:

Answer 41

1. The mouth of protostomes is the blastopore, in deuterostomes, the blastopore is the anus 2-3. Early cleavage is typically spiral and determinate in protostomes, Deuterostomes, show indeterminate, radial cleavage 4. Coelom formation is schizocoelous in most protostomes, whereas enterocoelous development is typical of deuterostomes. 5. characteristic larval forms also differ

Question 42

The two phyla that have clearly dominated both land and sea since nearly the beginning of animal evolution are the arthropods and chordates, protostomous and deuterostomous coelomates, respectively.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Among the social groups of large animals, only ______ have differentiated their functions to such an extent that their societies begin to behave as individuals.

Answer 43

Humans

Question 44

Insect societies show behaviors halfway between societies based on genetically identical members and those created by genetically different individuals, True or False?

Answer 44

True

Question 45

______ are more cooperative and show a greater degree of altruism than is true of vertebrate societies.

Answer 45

Insects

Question 46

Only _______ skeletons can act without an antagonist; all antagonistic muscles act through a skeleton, which can be either rigid, flexible, or hydrostatic.

Answer 46

Elastic skeletons

Question 47

This is a skeleton that resembles a closed container

Answer 47

Minimal hydroskeleton

Question 48

Hydroskeletons are also important in nonlocomotory muscular systems, such as hearts or intestines, True or False?

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Contraction-relaxation cycles push in one direction only when the system has structures that prevent _______?

Answer 49

Backflow

Question 50

Hydroskeletons become less efficient when fluid is lost, True or False?

Answer 50

True

Question 51

It is called the partitioning of the coelom

Answer 51

Metamerism

Question 52

________ do not change shape but simply bend when a muscle contracts.

Answer 52

Elastic skeletons

Question 53

_________ results either from a muscle contracting in the opposite direction to its antagonist or from the skeleton resuming its original position.

Answer 53

Muscle relaxation

Question 54

The flexible cuticle of nematodes functions like an _______

Answer 54

Elastic skeleton

Question 55

The more stable attachment site of a muscle is called the ______, the other the ________.

Answer 55

Origin, insertion

Question 56

_________ serves the animal in finding food and mates and in escaping predators or unsuitable habitats.

Answer 56

Locomotion

Question 57

The ________ of animals is the heart of their adaptation to their physical and biotic environments.

Answer 57

Locomotion/ feeding system

Question 58

_________ are sensitive hair cells or membranes that depolarize a sensory neuron when bent by the passage of a sound wave.

Answer 58

Sound receptors

Question 59

Some animals use sound to see and this mechanism is called

Answer 59

Echolocation