Animal Diversity Flashcards
(46 cards)
1
Q
Basic Animal Characteristics
A
- Heterotrophic lifestyle (consuming other organisms)
- Flexible cell membrane (associated with Extracellular Matric ECM)
- Glycogen as an energy storage products (comparable to starch in plants)
- Neuromuscular Tissue (associated with movement, most animals show movement at least in larval stage)
2
Q
Protist Ancestors of Animalia
A
- Choanoflagellate protists are the closest living relative of the animals
- Phylum Porifera (sponges) is most ancient animal phylum with living representatives. similarity between feeding cell members of the choanoclagellate and choanocyte cells of the sponges
- “micro feeders”: flagellated collar cells show a phylogenic connection between protists and animals, and support belief that these specialized cells evolved when only the smallest suspended organisms were available as food ( bacteria and early protists) sponges are only animals able to capture such small food items
3
Q
Choanocyte cells
A
cells with an attached cylinder of microfibrils within which a flagellum resides
4
Q
Fundamental Traits used to define major animal groups
Number of germ layers
A
- no primary germ layer
- Diploblastic
- Triploblastic
5
Q
No primary germ layer
A
Although cells come together to function as a multicellular organism, cells remain totipotent
Ex: sponges, spongebob intro
6
Q
Diploblastic
A
Two germ layers form
1. Ectoderm: outer layer, skin and nervous system
2. Endoderm: inner layer, lining of the digestive tract
Ex: jellyfish
7
Q
Triploblastic
A
Three germ layers
1. Ectoderm: skin & nervous system
2. Endoderm: Lining of digestive tract
3. Mesoderm: everything inbetween Endo and Ecto, gives rise to bones, muscles, organ systems, etc
Ex: all other animals
8
Q
Symmetry In animals
Asymmetry
A
cannot be devided into equal but oppsite halves
ex: sponges
9
Q
Symmetry In animals
Radial Symmetry
A
- many planes can divide an organism into multiple equal but opposite parts.
- Equal response in all directions, no leading edge
Ex: starfish
10
Q
Symmetry In animals
Bilateral Symmetry
A
Only one plane will divide the animal into equal halfs
Ex: Humans
11
Q
Body Cavity
Types of animals with mesoderm
A
- Acoelomate
- Pseudocoelomate
- Eucoelomate
12
Q
Types of animals with mesoderm
Acoelomate
A
no body cavity exists
ex: flatworms
13
Q
Types of animals with mesoderm
Pseudocoelomate
A
- Has a body cavity without mesodermal lining of organs
- allows for easier diffusion of substances within organism
- rubbing between organs and body wall occurs and is potentially harmful
Ex: nemotodes
14
Q
Types of animals with mesoderm
Eucoelomate
A
- animal has a body cavity and internal organs covered with a membrane derived from mesoderm
- protects against organs rubbing
- protects against foreign antigens entering a wound
- found in most higher organisms
15
Q
Embryology
Blastosphere
A
animal embryo at early stage when its just a hollow ball of cells
16
Q
Embryology
Blastopore
A
hole formed in blastosphere that becomes either mouth or anus of animal
17
Q
Embryology
Protostomes
A
animals where blastopore becomes mouth
18
Q
Embryology
Deuterostomes
A
animals where blastopore becomes anus
19
Q
Phylum Porifera
A
- asymmetrical animals without germ layer
- sponges
- did not give rise to any other existing phyla
- benthic (bottom dwelling), sessile, filter-feeders with variable body size
- water canals throughout body
- few competitors in early seas, but evolved chemical defense and sharp spicule physical defense (like fiberglass insulation)
commercial sponge strade has been replaced by invention of synthetic sponges
20
Q
Phylum Cnidaria
A
- diploblastic, radial symmetry
- animnals containing cnidocyte cells (Coral, Jellyfish, anemones)
- evolved when macroscopic protists were abundant, well after sponges evolved
- were sessile or slow moving
- used nematocysts in cnidocyte cells to capture prey and for defense
- Sessile forms supplement energy with a mutualistic algae (ex: coral)
- most have a multipurpose, blind, gastrovascular cavity, extending to most of the body tissues for nutrient delivery
21
Q
Phylum Cnidaria
Nematocyst
A
- Paralyzing harpoons launched by coiled tube within cnidocyte cells
- exist only within cnidarians
22
Q
Lophotochozoan Protosomes
A
- Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
- protostome
- show growth by incremental additions to the body (without having to shed to grow)
23
Q
Cephalization
A
concentration of sense organs and nervous system at the front of an organism,
24
Q
Lophotochozoan Protosomes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
A
- Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry
- Flatworms, parasitic flukes, and tapeworms
- cephalization
- tube-within-a-tube design
- flat body maximizes surface area for diffusion of gases (no respiratory system)
- first bottom-dwelling, flat, slow-moving scavengers
- well developed chemoreceptors for localizing food
25
# Lophotochozoan Protosomes
Phylumn Annelida
| segmented worms
* **Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry**
* Earthworms, predatory marine worms, leeches
* marine worms were first annelids, and majority of existing annelids
* later annelids moved into freshwater and land
* hydrostatic skeleton and setae for burrowing in substrate
* repetition of body parts along body axis (segmentation) allowing independence of body parts
## Footnote
earthworms are important for cycling nutrients in ecosystems
26
# Phylumn Annelida
Hydrostatic Skeleton
liquid inflated skeleton within annelids, aids in burrowing and locomotion
27
# Phylumn Annelida
Setae
bumps along the body of annelids, helps with burrowing and grip
28
# Lophotochozoan Protosomes
Phylum Mollusca
* **Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry**
* Chitons, snails, clams, cephalopods
* second largest phylum after arthropoda
* diverse, likely evolved from annelid ancestors
* mantle, protective shell, muscular foot, and scraping radula
* early mollusks fed on suspended and attached algae near shore
* only snails moved onto land
## Footnote
many used for food, some are problematic like zebra mussel
29
Ecdysozoan protosomes
* **triploblastic, bilateral symmetry**
* protosmes
* show growth via repeated shedding of the outer body exoskeleton (ecdysis)
30
# Ecdysozoan protosomes
Phylum Nematoda
| nematodes or roundworms
* **triploblastic, bilateral symmetry**
* occur in most habitats, including other organisms
* likely evolved from flatworm ancestor
* # of nematods > # of all other animals combined
* can tolerate extreme conditions such as over 39 years of drought, freezing/boiling, anoxia, and acidity
* primary adaptation is cuticle, which protects, prevents dehydration, and must be shed to permit growth
* play active role in nutrient cycling
* most abundant multicellular organism that feeds on bacteria and fungi in decaying plants and animals
* cause diseases like trichinosis and elephantiasis
31
# Ecdysozoan protosomes
Phylum Arthropoda
* **triploblastic, bilateral symmetry**
* insects, crustaceans, spiders
* 80% of all known animal species
* evolved from annelid ancestor (segmentally arranged appendages/ bodies)
* Chitinous exoskeleton allowed for movement onto land
* Tracheae system for breathing and diffusing oxygen into body
* compound eye for spotting food from distance
## Footnote
70% of known animal species are types of beetles
32
# Deuterosome Phyla
Phylum Enchinodermata
* **triplobastic, radial symmetry**
* closest non-chordate relative to chordates
* slow moving, omni-directional, heterotrophic
* spines for protection
* arms with gripping suction cups for locomotion and predation
33
# Deuterosome Phyla
Phylum Chordata
* **triploblastic, bilateral symmetry**
* all with notochord or more
* progressively more mobile, more rigid-bodied heterotrophs
* increased cephalization
34
# Phylum Chordata
4 key characteristics
1. Notochord
2. Pharyngeal gill slits
3. dorsal hollow nerve cord
4. post-anal tail
35
# phylum chordata
Notochord
* fibrous support rod along the backj appearing at least during early development
* replaced by vertebral column in the adult in later evolved chordates
36
# phylum chordata
Pharyngeal gill slits
initially used in filtering food in water, but later just for respiration
37
# phylum chordata
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
a single dorsal nerve for rapid sensory processing
38
# phylum chordata
post-anal tail
* a portion of tail extends posteriorly past the anus
* effective for locomotion in early evolution
39
# Phylum Chordata
3 subphyla
1. Urochordata
2. Cephalochordata
3. Vertebrata
40
# Subphylum Vertebrata
6 major classes of vertebrata
1. chondrichthyes
2. Osteichthyes
3. amphibia
4. reptilia
5. aves
6. mammalia
41
# Subphylum Vertebrata
Chondrichthyes
* Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays)
* first chordates with jaws
42
# Subphylum Vertebrata
Osteichthyes
bony fish
43
# Subphylum Vertebrata
Amphibia
* frogs, toads, salamanders
* first chordates to invade land
* must stay close to water
44
# Subphylum Vertebrata
Reptilia
* lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodiles
* dry keratinized skin for fully terrestrial
* became ruling terestrial vertebrates in mesozoic era
45
# Subphylum Vertebrata
Aves
* birds
* flight
46
# Subphylum Vertebrata
Mammalia
* monotremes: egg-laying
* marsupials: pouched
* placentals: with placenta
* hair and milk
