Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal management Level 3 > Animal feeding and nutrition > Flashcards

Animal feeding and nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Process of obtaining or providing the food necessary for health and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A diet that contains adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients required for healthy growth and activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

A component in foods that an organism needs to survive and grow. Some provide energy and some are essential for maintenance for the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 7 nutrients?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water and Fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do we obtain vitamins and what are they used for?

A

Fruits and veg and fish oils

They allow the body to work efficiently e.g. Vitamin D helps the absorption of Vitamin C.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do we obtain minerals and what are they used for?

A

Water, Bananas (K-) and Milk (Ca)

They allow reactions to work in the body and also strengthen bones and teeth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do we obtain carbohydrates and what are they used for?

A

Bread, pasta, grains, potatoes and rice.

They maintain blood glucose concentration and provide energy that is broken down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do we obtain proteins and what are they used for?

A

Meat, fish, eggs, nuts and insects

They help with muscle repair and growth and also assist with making amino acids for cell building and DNA synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do we obtain fibre and what is it used for?

A

Fruit and veg, bran and wheat

Allows smooth running of the digestive system and lowers blood cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do we obtain water and what is it used for?

A

Food, milk and springs

Maintains hydration of cells and controls blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do we obtain fats and what are they used for?

A

Nuts, oils, chocolate, fish, pastries and cheese

Insulation for the body, contains fatty acids and phosphorus for cell walls and protects vital organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Vitamin C used for?

A

Acts as an antioxidant and is involved in healing. Helps absorption of iron and functions body tissues.
Obtained from carrots, oranges, citrus fruits and potatoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Vitamin D used for?

A

Important in assisting the absorption of calcium and keeps bones healthy and also enhances the immune function
Obtained from fish, eggs, meats and sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Vitamin A used for?

A

Important for structure and functioning of skin and body lining and allows vision in dim light
Obtained from liver, whole milk, cheese, butter and mangoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Sodium important for?

A

Controls blood pressure and volume, muscles and CNS

Found in water, salt and milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Iron important for?

A

Helps in the production of red blood cells and the binding of oxygen in haemoglobin
Found in poultry, eggs(yolk), dried beans and fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Potassium important for?

A

Proper functioning of all cells tissues and organs in the body. Electrolyte in the heart
Found in: bananas, meat, fish and brocilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Zinc important for?

A

Plays a role in cell division and growth, needed for the immune system and helps in senses
Found in: beef, legumes, nuts, pork and wholegrain products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Fluoride important for?

A

Helps to reduce tooth decay

Found in water sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are carbohydrates also known as?

A

Simple Sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the bond between two monosaccharide?

A

Glycosidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is released when two monosaccharide join together?

A

Water (hydrolysis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the chemical formula for Glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

Glucose ring: CH2OH-O-OH-OH-OH-OH-OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

3 or more carbohydrates/monosaccharide joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the bond between two amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is formed when two amino acids join together?

A

Dipeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What compound does only proteins contain in their structure?

A

Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two main groups in a protein structure?

A

Carboxyl group= contains a double bond

R group= Determines the specific amino acid as is unique to each one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does a fatty acid structure contain?

A

Carboxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What compounds are ALL found in carbohydrates, proteins and fats?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

Only eats meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

Only eats veg matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

Eats everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are canine teeth used for?

A

Spearing and ripping meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are molars used for?

A

Grinding up food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are incisors used for?

A

Cutting up food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the mouth for in digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion where food enters the alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the salivary glands for?

A

Produce saliva containing enzymes such as amylase to break down large food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is oesophagus for?

A

A muscular tube that pushes food down into the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the stomach for?

A

Muscular organ where digestion continues using hydrochloric acid and further digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the pancreas for?

A

Produces digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the liver for?

A

Produces bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the gall bladder for?

A

Stores bile before releasing it into the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the small intestine for?

A 
Duodenum= food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile
Ileum= digested food is absorbed into blood and lymph
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the large intestine for?

A 
Colon= Water is reabsorbed 
Rectum= Where faeces are stored
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the anus for?

A

Where faeces leave the alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the four processes of food processing?

A

Eating- Digestion- Absorption- Egestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces so that it can be accessed by enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Process of enzymes breaking down food into small molecules the body can use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where is food absorbed?

A

Small intestine- movement of digested molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What features are needed to maximise absorption?

A

Thin walls and Large Surface Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What are the four layers of specialised tissue that make up the gastrointestinal tract starting from the lumen?

A

Mucosa-Sub mucosa-Circular muscle- Longitudinal layer-Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the Serosa?

A

Outermost layer of the intestine and is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid and a thin layer of connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the Muscularis?

A

The longitudinal and circular muscle layers, they are responsible for peristalsis and gut movement. They are smooth muscle layers.

57
Q

What is the Sub Mucosa?

A

Layer of loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying muscle.

58
Q

What is the Mucosa?

A

Innermost tissue layer and is a mucous membrane which secretes digestive enzymes and hormones. The intestinal villi are part of the mucosa.

59
Q

How are villi adapted for absorption?

A

Folded villi greatly increase surface area, thin layer of cells so short diffusion pathway and beneath them is an extensive blood capillary network to distribute the absorbed food molecules.

60
Q

How do villi perform the absorption of food molecules?

A

The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen into these capillaries. The absorbed molecules are transported via the lymph in the blood vessels and taken to organs of the body to create complex substances.

61
Q

What are there in the small intestine that help the flow of nutrients?

A

Mucosal ducts and glands that secrete mucus.

62
Q

What is a monogastric system?

A

Organism with a simple stomach structure and only one compartment. E.g pigs, rabbits and humans

63
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Denatures proteins and prepares them to be broken down. Also activates Pepsin which breaks down and digests the denatured proteins.

64
Q

What do herbivores have to help them digest plant material (cellulose)?

A

Enlarged Caecums

65
Q

What does Amylase break down and where is it sourced from?

A

Starch into sugars and is produced by salivary glands

66
Q

What does Protease break down and where is it sourced from?

A

Proteins into amino acids and is produced by stomach, pancreas and small intestine

67
Q

What does Lipase break down and where is it sourced from?

A

Lipids into fatty acids and is produced by pancreas and small intestine

68
Q

What is Hind gut fermentation?

A

Fermentation occurs in the digestive organs that follow the small intestine: large intestine and caecum.

69
Q

What are hind gut fermenters?

A

Herbivores such as: one toed ungulates such as rhinos, zebras, tapirs. Bacteria aids digestion of cellulose

70
Q

What is a ruminant?

A

Animals that have a multi-chambered digestive system (polygastric) that allows the animal to gain it’s nutritional needs from its forage and roughage

71
Q

What animals are examples of ruminants?

A

cows, goats, camels and antelope

72
Q

What is the main feature of a ruminents dentition?

A

Large molars to chew regurgitated food, this helps breaking down food and produces more saliva to assist the rumen.

73
Q

What is the oesophageal groove?

A

Present in newborn ruminents, it’s the channel taking milk from the oesophagus to the abomasum.

74
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the ruminant stomach?

A

Rumen-Reticulum-Omasum-Abomasum

75
Q

What is the rumen’s role?

A

The organ that allows for bacterial and chemical breakdown of fibre. Microbes in the rumen feed on forages ingested by the cow and they digest the food.

76
Q

How does the cow and the microbes have a symbiotic relationship?

A

Food feeds the microbes and cow gets protein from microbes

77
Q

What does the term ‘chew the cud’ mean?

A

Regurgitate their food material and then grind it with their molars

78
Q

What is the reticulum’s role?

A

honeycomb-like interior surface and helps to remove foreign material from food. Heavy foreign particles sink into the reticulum and stay there for life, could cause infection and hardware disease damage in the long term

79
Q

What is hardware disease?

A

Caused by the ingestion of a sharp, metallic object and they settle in the reticulum and can pierce the lining.

80
Q

What is the omasum?

A

Round and Muscular section that grinds the food material and prepares the food material for chemical breakdown.

81
Q

What is the abomasum?

A

Where the majority of chemical breakdown occurs- mixes digestive enzymes such as: pepsin and bile

82
Q

What four categories are feeds classified into?

A

Fresh, Dried, Tinned and Frozen

83
Q

Which two categories is fresh feed separated into?

A

Forage and meat

84
Q

What nutrient is forage high in?

A

Fibre

85
Q

What does the Animal Welfare Act (2006) state about live feed?

A

A person commits an offence if the suffering of an animal is unnecessary. Basically live feed in the UK is illegal.

86
Q

What are the risks of feeding your pet a raw diet?

A

Threats to human and animal health from the bacteria in raw meat. Diet may become unbalanced and bones could break teeth or cause an internal puncture

87
Q

What three categories is dried food separated into?

A

Concentrated, complete foods and preserved forages

88
Q

What is preserved forage made up of?

A

Hay, Haylage and Silage

89
Q

What are types of concentrates?

A

Oats, Maize, Barley and Wheat

90
Q

How can you tell a dried feed?

A

By the moisture content in the food

91
Q

How do you work out which feed has more protein in?

A

Work out the dry matter: 100-Moisture

Then Divide the protein content by dry matter.

92
Q

How much protein should a dog have as a puppy?

A

28%

93
Q

How much protein should an adult dog have?

A

18%

94
Q

How much protein should a lactating dog have?

A

28%

95
Q

How much fat should a puppy and lactating dog have?

A

17%

96
Q

How much fat should an adult dog have?

A

9-15%

97
Q

What Calcium and Phosphorus ratio should a adult dog have?

A

0.5-0.9:0.4-0.8

98
Q

How much protein should a adult cat have?

A

25-30%

99
Q

How much protein should a kitten have?

A

30%

100
Q

What 3 substances should a cat have in its diet?

A

Tryptophan so it can convert it to Niacin
Beta Carotene to Vit A
Taurine

101
Q

What do rabbits require in their diet?

A

Beta Carotene

102
Q

What is fodder?

A

Foods or forages given to the animals rather than what they forage for themselves

103
Q

What is a ration?

A

The quantity of food that is fed to an individual based on it’s lifestyle conditions

104
Q

What is biological value?

A

Measure of protein quality and tells you the amount of protein that is digested and used by the body

105
Q

How do you work out the biological value?

A

Divide the amount retained by the amount absorbed

106
Q

What processes is energy needed for in the body?

A

Breathing, Materials for repair, growth and reproduction, circulating the blood to tissues and cells, maintaining body temp, muscles movement and general health.

107
Q

What is maintenance energy requirement? (MER)

A

Amount of energy an animal needs each day to maintain its body weight

108
Q

What is resting energy requirement?(RER)

A

Amount of energy an animal needs each day at rest

109
Q

How do you calculate MER?

A

RER X energy for exercise digestion and absorption
Dog= RER X 2
Cat= RER X 1.4

110
Q

What are the main causes of nutritional diseases?

A

Too little feed, Deficiency in one or more nutrients, Forced production, Depleted Soils and confinement of animals

111
Q

What is Osteomalacia (rickets)?

A

Due to incorrect calcium and phosphorus ratio and inadequate Vitamin D.
Symptoms include: lack of appetite, enlarged or stiff joints, bowed legs and weight loss

112
Q

What are the treatments for rickets?

A

Mineral/vitamin supplements, balanced diet, direct sunlight and fertilised crops

113
Q

What is stiff lamb disease?

A

Due to Vitamin E or Selenium deficiency

Symptoms include: humped, stiff, inhalation pneumonia in lambs

114
Q

What is night blindness?

A

Due to Vitamin A intake being too low

Symptoms include: faulty night blindness, rough hair coat, severe scours and stunted growth.

115
Q

Treatments for night blindness?

A

Vitamin A supplements and green pasture

116
Q

What is Milk fever?

A

When an animal has low blood calcium concentration.

Symptoms: Loss of appetite, constipation after calving, nervousness, head turned or twisted shoulders

117
Q

What is anaemia?

A

When an animal has an iron or copper deficiency and can be caused by parasites
Symptoms: Loss of appetite, rough hair coat, pale membranes and swelling in head and shoulders

118
Q

What are the treatments and preventions of anaemia?

A

Iron injections and making sure that young have a balanced feed.

119
Q

What is goiter?

A

When an animal has the failure to obtain enough iodine from the thyroid gland.
Symptoms: Thyroid glands swell, reproductive failures and hairless pigs or weak foals

120
Q

What are the treatments for goiter?

A

No treatment once symptoms appear. It can be prevented by feeding iodised salts

121
Q

What is a toxicity disease?

A

When livestock have been poisoned by too much of a mineral.

122
Q

What is selenium poisoning?

A

When cattle have eaten plants that have been grown on soil with high selenium
Symptoms: loss of tail hair, body hair and hooves slough off in horses

123
Q

What are the treatments of selenium poisoning?

A

None but is prevented by continual pasture rotation.

124
Q

What is Urinary Calculi (Water belly)?

A

When an animal has had too high intake of: potassium, calcium and low phosphorus ratio and high silica content.
Symptoms: frequent and painful attempts to urinate, usually seen only in males

125
Q

What are the treatments for water belly?

A

Limited success but ammonium chloride and salt added to the diet and removal of alfalfa. Surgical removal.
Prevention: avoid high phosphorus or calcium diets and delayed castration.

126
Q

What is nitrate poisoning?

A

When animals are fed high in nitrates or stressed plants.

Symptoms: accelerated pulse and respiration, diarrhoea, frequent urination and blue mucous membranes

127
Q

What are the treatments for nitrate poisoning?

A

Intravenous solution of methylene blue or sodium sulfate

128
Q

What factors should be considered when establishing a feeding type?

A
  • Animal morphology
  • Feeding traits in the wild
  • Digestive anatomy
  • How much energy is required for an animal to maintain metabolism
  • Solitary or social?
  • Weight?
129
Q

What is a heterotrophic organism?

A

An organism that has to find and collect it’s food

130
Q

What is an autotrophic organism?

A

An organism that produces it’s own food and doesn’t have to source it.

131
Q

What is a feeding behaviour?

A

Any behaviour that helps an animal find food

132
Q

What two categories are predators normally placed into?

A

Specialist or opportunist

133
Q

What is a specialist predator?

A

Only eats one type of prey, spend lots of time resting and adapt well to captivity.

134
Q

What is an opportunistic predator?

A

Kill anything they have the opportunity to catch and live very active lives, do not normally adapt well to captivity and require large enriched enclosures

135
Q

What are scavengers?

A

They feed of unwanted carcasses so avoid the dangers of active killing. There food is usually of poor quality and may contain disease

136
Q

What are grazers?(prey)

A

They extract their nutritional requirements from a mass of indigestible vegetable matter e.g, rabbits and cattle

137
Q

What are browsers?(prey)

A

They seek appropriate vegetation from shrubs and trees e.g. elephants and giraffes

138
Q

What are filter feeders?

A

They pass a current of water through their bodies from which they extract food. e.g. flamingos and basking sharks

139
Q

What is enrichment?

A
  • The design of stimulating and naturalistic enclosures
  • The housing of appropriate social groups in zoos
  • The introduction of objects, sounds, smells or other stimuli in an animals environment

Animal management Level 3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions