animal issues + responses Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
what is a blood sport?
A
- any sport that involves animals being killed or hurt to make the people watching or taking part feel excitement
- this often results in the death of one or more animals
2
Q
what are some arguments for bull fighting as a blood sport?
A
- to condemn bull fighting is to fail to be sensitive to cultural differences and to the true nature of the sport
-its an integral part of traditional Spanish culture that should be respected in the same way other minority activity is (i.e.. the slaughtering of animals by Jewish or Muslim ritual laws) - since the bull would be killed anyway, it is of little significance how it is killed.
3
Q
what are some arguments against bull fighting as a blood sport?
A
- there is no fair match between the bull and the matador, the bull dies after every single match
- during bull fights the animals are taunted and goaded, and have sharp spears stuck into their sides until they collapse from exhaustion
- the bull cannot consent.
4
Q
Who is PETA?
A
PETA is an animal rights activist group that believe that animals have the right to live their lives peacefully and they shouldn’t be used as a food source or for sports.
5
Q
who is tom Regan?
A
- an American philosopher who specialises in animal rights theory
6
Q
what did tom Regan say regarding animal rights?
A
- he argues that at least some kinds of non- human animals have moral rights because they are the “subjects-of-a-life” and that these rights adhere to them whether or not they were recognized.
7
Q
what is the argument that animals should be treated properly be based on the need for human beings to behave morally?
A
- human beings have an awareness of moral ideas and understand the difference between right and wrong.
- human beings accept that certain things are morally wrong and should not be done , regardless of whether the victim has any rights or not.
- causing pain and suffering is morally wrong, whether the victim is a human animal or a non-human animal.
-this is because causing pain and suffering is morally wrong and diminishes the moral standing of the human being that causes it. - therefore human beings should not be cruel to animals
8
Q
what is the problem with the argument that animals should be treated properly based on the human need to be moral?
A
- the argument cant be pushed too far because the absence of cruelty doesn’t make an act morally good. even if it does remove one ingredient that would make the act morally wrong.
- and acts that are not cruel, even acts that are kind, can be morally wrong.
9
Q
What is intensive farming?
A
intensive farming is where a lot of money and labour are used to increase the amount of crops or animals produced in a specific area of land . the use of large amounts of pesticides for crops and of medication for animal stocks is common.
10
Q
what is vegetarianism?
A
the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat
11
Q
what is veganism?
A
the practice of abstaining from the se of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.
12
Q
what is pescatarianism?
A
- pescetarianism is the practice of adhering to a diet that incorporates seafood as the only source of mean in an otherwise vegetarian diet.
13
Q
what are some facts about intensive farming?
A
- 51% of greenhouse emissions are caused by animal agriculture
- around 50 billion farm animals are bred and raised for consumption annually.
- fishing methods are destroying coral reefs and killing thousands of dolphins sea turtles and fish.
14
Q
how many farm animals are raised and slaughtered for their meat annually?
A
- 50 billion
15
Q
how does intensive farming or modern agriculture harm the environment?
A
- land damage
- water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides
- climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions
- energy use
- health risks
16
Q
what does it mean if we say the human interest in intensive farming is trivial?
A
- is classed as trivial because human beings don’t need to eat meat to stay alive
17
Q
what does it mean if we say the animal interest in intensive farming is basic?
A
- the animal intrest in classed as basic because of the animal is killed then all its other interests are frustrated too.
18
Q
what does Peter Singer say about the rights of animals and intensive farming?
A
- many animals also display these qualities of personhood that seem to give human life value and make it worth living
- singer states that being person should give animals rights and many humans ignore this.
19
Q
what quote does Peter Singer say against intensive farming?
A
- “the overwhelming majority of these animals have spent their entire lives confined inside sheds, never going outdoors for a single hour. their suffering isn’t just for a few hours or days, but for their entire lives.”
20
Q
what other quotes can be used against intensive farming?
A
- ‘the question is not can the reason? nor is it can they talk? but, can they suffer”
21
Q
what does Peter Singer believe about the criteria of personhood and animal rights?
A
- the criteria of personhood should replace the sanctity of human life
- there are qualities that compromise personhood and animals can exhibit them
- they therefore should be treated with respect.
22
Q
what is a solution to intensive farming?
A
Organic farming.
23
Q
what is organic farming?
A
- the production of more expensive higher quality neat using free range or organic methods which can improve the environment and the welfare of farm animals whilst providing more employment in the countryside.
24
Q
what are the problems with organiic farming
A
- often produces a lower meat yeild
- labour intensive
- more expensive.
25
what is xenotransplantation?
- the process of grafting or transplanting organs or tissues between members of different species.
26
what does PETA say about animal rights?
"animals arent tool sheds to be raided, but complex intelligent beings."
27
why is xenotransplantation being considered?
- very few human tissues and organs are available for transplantation.
- transplant specialists are therefore considering animals as a possible source of organs and tissues
- this warrants a potentially unlimited supply of cells tissues and organs for use in humans
28
what sort of diseases could xenotransplantation help to cure or alleviate?
- diabetes
- Huntington disease
- strokes.
29
Why do we use pigs for xenotransplantation?
- they reproduce quickly and have large litters.
- their organs are similar in size to those of humans
30
what are the risks of xenotransplantation?
- rejection by the human immune system
- might transmit an infectious agent such as a virus from animals to humans.
31
what are some advantages of xenotransplantation?
- increases the number of organ sources
- the breeding of g-modified pigs may be used to reduce the risk of infection
- the shortage of organs for transplantation accounts for 20-35% of details of patients on the waiting list
32
what are some disadvantages of xenotransplantation?
- there have been no successful xenotransplantation trials to date.
- animals are intelligent sentient beings and cannot consent to being harvested for their organs
- it is cruel and diminishes the quality of life of the animal
- high risks of transferring diseases
33
what is Tom regan's view (Kantian) on xenotransplantation?
- all subjects-of-a life possess inherent value and must be treated as ends-in-themselves, never as a means to an end
- while the subject-of-a life is a sufficient condition for having intrinsic value it is not a necessary one.
34
what is meant by the term "scientific procedures of animals"
- using animals to develop drugs and human medicines to treat human conditions and diseases by using animals as test subjects for new therapies.
35
what is cloning?
cloning refers to the process of producing genetically identical copies of a plant or an animal. the copied individual is a clone
36
what is cloning used for?
- preserving endangered species
-increasing meat yield
-therapeutic cloning of cells in order to understand diseases and test medicines.
- mass production of animals for scientific research
37
what are the possible benefits of animal cloning?
- creates desirable traits in each species
- organ harvesting
- medical purposes
38
what are the possible risks of animal cloning?
- cloning animals could eventually lead to cloning humans
- animal suffering
- higher levels of embryo destruction.
39
what did peter vardy say about NML and the catholic church?
- "NML is the semi-official position of the catholic church"
40
How does Aquinas use the hierarchy of souls to discuss animal issues?
- animals can use plants and do eat plants
- humans can use animals and do eat animals
- we have a right over animals as animals have a right over plants
41
What quote did Aquinas say about the hierarchy of souls?
" although man is of the same genus as other animals, he is of a different species"
42
What does NML say about animal issues in general?
- humans are the only rational species, humans alone are capable of reason and determining their own action so they are the only beings towards we should extend concern for their own sakes
- animals have instrumental value only, they exist for the sake of the humans who use them
- only humans are capable of achieving the final end of union with god, so all other beings exist for humans to achieve that end this includes killing animals if we want to.
43
what did Aquinas say about the instrumentality of animals?
"he that kills anothers ox sins. not through killing the ox but through injuring another man in his property. wherefore this is not a species of the sin of murder but f the sin of theft or robbery"
44
what does proportinalism say about animal issues?
Proportionalism prompts us to carefully consider whether the cultural and economic benefits outweigh the harms inflicted on animals and the potential negative societal consequences. It doesn't treat all aspects equally, emphasizing the need to prioritize and weigh the significance of each factor
45
what does situation ethics say about animal issues?
- SE is a teleological theory so it believes the rightness of an act is determined by its end. moral goodness is rooted in the consequences of our actions.
if greater love comes from harming an animal then it is permitted.
46
what does Fletcher say about SE?
"we are always commanded to act lovingly, but how we do it depends on our own estimate of the situation".
47
how does virtue ethics approach animal issues?
- all things have an end a reason which governs their existence what they will do and what they achieve.
being virtuous applies to every action, not just those undertaken against humans. (intensive farming)
- however, due to the hierarchy of souls, he would had no problems with people eating meat.
48
"what quote could be used to back up virtue ethics stance on animal issues"
"the good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue"
