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Biology 1011 > Animal Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Animal Lesson 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move randomly due to their kinetic energy. Random movement causes a net flow from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration. The end makes it evenly spread out. There is random movement and bumping into one another to move along.

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2
Q

Rate of diffusion?

A

is inversely proportional to distance. The farther the distance the slower the diffusion. Shorter distance equals fast diffusion.

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3
Q

Diffusion across a surface is also
affected by what?

A

the area of that surface. Proportional to this, meaning more surface area makes it faster.

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4
Q

To maximize diffusion rate, exchange
surfaces should have what?

A

a large surface area and be thin

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5
Q

Each cell in a multicellular organism must what?

A

exchange molecules (nutrients, gases, water, etc.) with the environment. They get rid and bring things in.

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6
Q

Small animals in exchanging materials?

A

Some animals have a body size and shape that keeps most cells in contact with the environment (or lining of gut or surface of body). They are small and flat.

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7
Q

Planaria/flatworm example?

A

Their mouth is in the middle of their body. Their Gastrovascular cavity is extremely branched, so when they bring in nutrients or things they feed on, they can bring all of those nutrients to every part of their cell (either through gastrovascular directly through the skin from the outside). No circulatory and respiratory system because they don’t need them.

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8
Q

Large animal in exchanging materials?

A

Animals with many cell layers require a circulatory system to transport materials between all the body cells and the organs that exchange those materials with the environment. Note: materials only need to diffuse over short distances as they enter or exit the circulatory system. By time blood reaches the cells the distance to get in is very small (intervisitial fluid).

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9
Q

Circulatory system is connected to what?

A

All the systems. They transport materials throughout the bodies.

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10
Q

Three basic components of circulatory system?

A
  1. A circulatory fluid
  2. Set of interconnecting vessels
  3. A muscular pump
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11
Q

A circulatory fluid

A

– Blood in a closed circulatory system. Where the fluid is enclosed within the vessels.
* E.g., mammals, birds, earthworms, fishes, octopuses

– Hemolymph (blood and lymph fluid) in an open circulatory system. Mix of open captivates (where organs are bathed in) and vessels that bring flood to be pumped by the heart to the cavities.
* E.g., insects, crabs, spiders

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12
Q

Set of interconnecting vessels

A

To bring fluid to parts of body, they are usually branched.

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13
Q

A muscular pump

A

The heart. They pump through the vessels to circulate around the body.

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14
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding organ goes into heart and around in vessels. Vessels open into the cavities then can exchange fluids and heart will pump that fluid back up redistribute it.

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15
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Goes blood from heart around to the small branch vessels in each organ back to heart. Around it is the interstitial fluid where the nutrients need to reach across to get to the cells they need.

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16
Q

Capillaries

A

Reach out to specific organs and exchange their nutrients and gases.

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17
Q

Double circulation

A

two circuits of flow to and from the heart. The pulmonary circuit that leads to lungs and the systemic circuit to the rest of body, head, legs, etc.

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18
Q

Do the Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix within the heart?

A

No. Good to make sure the good oxygen blood gets to the organs.

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19
Q

What side is the right atrium and ventricle?

A

Where the deoxygenated blood is.

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20
Q

What side is the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Where the oxygenated blood is.

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21
Q

Step one of heart flow?

A

Deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circuit enters via the superior vena cava (from head) and inferior vena cava (from legs).

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22
Q

Step two of the heart flow?

A

It flows into the right atrium.

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23
Q

Step three of the heart flow?

A

When the right atrium contracts, blood is pushed into
the right ventricle.

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24
Q

Veins

A

Pumped into heart

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25
Arteries
Pumped out of heart arteries
26
Step four of the heart flow?
When the right ventricle contracts, blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery sending it to the lungs. The vein on right side sends to right lung, and visav versa.
27
Step five of the heart flow?
Oxygenated blood returning from the pulmonary circuit enters via the pulmonary veins.
28
Step six of the heart flow?
It flows into the left atrium (it pools there).
29
Step seven of the heart flow?
When the left atrium contracts, blood is pushed into the left ventricle.
30
Step eight of the heart flow?
When the left ventricle contracts, blood is pushed into the aorta sending it to the systemic circuit (brain and limbs).
31
Valves
ensure unidirectional flow of blood through the heart by closing to prevent backflow.
32
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
Separate the atria from the ventricles and prevent backflow into atria when the atria relax and ventricles contracts.
33
Semilunar valves
Separate ventricles from the arteries and prevent backflow into the ventricles when the ventricles relax. Looks like half moons.
34
Diastole
Relaxation
35
Systole
Contraction
36
The cardiac cycle
Right and left happen at the same time. Atrial and ventricular diastole (0.4 sec). Atrial systole and ventricular diastole pumps into ventricles can recieve it (0.1 sec). Ventricular systole and atrial diastole to push blood out the arteries (0.3 sec).
37
Largest artery
Aorta
38
The three layers that the veins and arteries are made of?
Connective tissue, smooth muscle (can contract), and endothelium.
39
Blood vessel structure reflects what?
Function
40
Difference between artery and veins in structure?
Arteries are thicker. Veins have valves.
41
Why are arteries and Viens thick?
Because they carry all the blood in one go.
42
Artery to vein
Artery to arteriole to capillary to venue to vein.
43
Capillary structure
Has basal lamina (membrane) and endothelium
44
Area of circulatory system
Increased branching increases area: capillaries have greater area than arteries and veins.
45
Velocity of circulatory system
Same volume of fluid flows more slowly through a greater area: velocity is slowest within the capillaries because you want to slow it down to control the rate of diffusion. Vein is not as fast as artery because it's far from pump (heart).
46
Pressure against walls of structures of circulatory system
The increase in area in the capillaries causes pressure to drop off. Blood is not re-pressurized until it returns to the heart.
47
Why is the arteries thicker?
Because it needs to withstand more pressure.
48
Why does the capillary only have one layer?
To allow diffusion across.
49
Why does veins have valves?
Pressure so low, so it needs valves to make sure it doesn't come back the other way.
50
Blood flow is regulated by what?
nerve impulses, hormones, and local chemicals that affect arteriole diameter and pre-capillary sphincters.
51
Sphincters relaxed
Blood can spread to capillaries. Good to get blood to a body that's cold. At any one time, only about 5-10% of the body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them.
52
Sphincters contracted
The blood is not getting to the capillary. Most of the time like this.
53
What allows for the exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid?
Thin capillary walls and slow blood velocity
54
Interstital fluid
A short distance between the capillaries and body cells that the oxygen needs to cross to get to the cells.
55
Blood
is a tissue consisting of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma.
56
Plasma
(55%) Has: – Water – Ions – Proteins – Nutrients, metabolites and wastes
57
Cellular elements
(45%) Has: – Erythrocytes (red blood cells) – Leukocytes (white blood cells) – Platelets
58
Platelets
If cut they prevent bleeding. Seals the spaces that are broken and will prevent blood from flowing up.
59
Circulatory systems require energy and materials to build and run... So why didn’t all animals just stay small/simple?
Increasing size and complexity allows animals to exploit new niches.
60
During the fight or flight response, in which organs would you expect the hormone epinephrine to constrict the arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters?
Intestine and skin. Because they aren't necessary.
61
Respiratory surfaces are specialized for gas exchange
Gills, tracheae, and lungs all have: 1. Very large surface areas (Greater than rest of body exterior (e.g., 50x greater than skin in humans)) 2. Very thin exchange surfaces (A single epithelial layer)
62
Respiratory media (where O2 comes from) vary in what?
O2 concentration. – Air has a high concentration of O2 – Water has a much lower concentration of O2
63
Animals that obtain O2 from water need to be what?
much more efficient than animals that obtain O2 from air – 80% vs. 25%
64
Gills are efficient at extracting O2 but are what?
unsuitable in terrestrial environments.
65
Respiratory surfaces must be what?
Moist to exchange gases. Capillaries are wet.
66
Respiratory surfaces of terrestrial animals are enclosed within the body to prevent what?
Excess water loss. E.g., Tracheae and Lungs
67
Pharynx
Part of respiratory and digestive system.
68
Nasal cavity
Where respiration starts.
69
Trachea
The tube that leads to the lungs
70
Path of respiratory system
Breath, get air in nasal cavity to pharynx and larynx, then trachea to the bronchus to both lungs, then bronchiole, then alveoli that's covered in capillaries where the oxygen goes into.
71
Red blood cells are packed with what?
the protein hemoglobin. They are why circulatory and respiratory system is closely related. Red blood cells are packed with O2 and CO2.
72
Hemoglobin
O2 binds to hemoglobin for transport in red blood cells, and some CO2. Has four oxygen binding sites (heme with iron on it). Why having good levels of iron is linked to good blood flow.
73
How oxygen goes in and out of red blood cells?
Oxygen from lungs goes through the cell membrane of red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin molecules. Then oxygen released to tissue cells. Tissues going through cellular respiration, tend to be hot and pH will change. These qualities allow the oxygen to be released from the hemoglobin.
74
Red blood cells are also important for what?
CO2 transport (waste from cellular respiration).
75
CO2 produced in body cells travels to?
1. bound to amino acids of hemoglobin (23%). 2. in blood plasma as CO2 (7%). 3. In blood plasma as bicarbonate (HCO3-) (70%) (why the pH level of blood changes).
76
Loading and Unloading of Respiratory Gases
Inhaled air, alveolar spaces, into pulmonary veins. Then systemic arteries to body tissues. Then systemic vein to pulmonary arteries to exhaled air.
77
Circulatory systems are necessary because
diffusion is only rapid over very short distances

Biology 1011 (22 decks)

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