Animal Management Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
What are the main types of animals used in lab research?
A
Mice
Fish
Birds
Rats
2
Q
Cruelty to animals act 1876
A
Protects animals and controls research - no longer in action, replaced by A(SP)A 1986
3
Q
Social contract & animal research
A
Harm to animals prohibited by animal welfare act 2006
Special laws empower certain people to carry out animal harms
4
Q
Concordat - openness on animal research
A
- Clear about how and why we use animals
- Communicate with media and public
- Provide opportunities for the public to find out about research
- Report progress annually
5
Q
A(SP)A
A
Grants scientists a temporary legal immunity from animal welfare act
Research must not brag ASPA conditions
6
Q
Laws for animal research
A
Animal welfare act 2006
Veterinary surgeons act 1996
The animal for scientific procedures Act (ASPA) 1986
7
Q
Animal welfare act 2006
A
- if any harm is caused to the animal
- suffering is unnecessary
- if it could have been avoided
8
Q
Veterinary surgeons act 1966
A
Grants vets a temporary legal immunity from prosecution for causing harm or potential harm to animals
9
Q
What does the The animal for scientific procedures act (ASPA) 1986 do?
A
Protects animals bred and used for research
- what animals are protected
- what is a scientific procedure
- licenses for people the work
- roles of those involved
- training requirements
- sources, care of & killing of animals
10
Q
What are the protected animals for research?
A
All living vertebrates, except man
All cephalopods
(Maybe decapods)
11
Q
What is a regulated procedure?
A
Any procedure that may cause pain suffering distress or lasting harm
Scientific purpose must have a project license
12
Q
What type of licences fall under ASPA 1986?
A
Establishment
Personal
Project
13
Q
What is the ASPA establishment license ?
A
Lists named persons at research site
What facilities are available
Designates rooms with specific uses - stocking density, environmental conditions etc
14
Q
What is the ASPA personal licence ?
A
Permission to carry out specific regulated procedures
Training record to document competency
MUST have a PIL to work under a PPL and the ASPA
15
Q
What animals are given additional protection?
A
Non human primates
Dogs
Cats
Horses
Because of the social contract - people have humanised them
Need more justification to do the research on these species
16
Q
What are the 5 main categories of the ASPA personal licence?
A
A: procedures in conscious animal
B: procedures with brief anaesthetics
C: surgical procedures & anaesthetics over 15 mins
D: surgical procedures with neuromuscular blocking agents
E: specific procedures under one project
17
Q
ASPA project licence:
How long valid for?
Reviewed by who?
Must follow what?
A
Valid for 5 years
Reviewed by AWERB and home office
Must follow the 3Rs
18
Q
What is covered in an ASPA project licence ?
A
- project licence holder
- places
- scientific background
- plan of work (justifying protocols, 3Rs, special species)
- protocols
19
Q
What research is allowed?
A
Basic scientific research
Translational or applied research
Development or safety testing of products
Protection of natural environment
Research to preserve species
Higher education training
Forensic enquiries
20
Q
What research is NOT allowed?
A
Research on great apes (banned 1986)
Cosmetics (banned 1998)
Use of endangered species
21
Q
4 main severity categories for procedures
A
- Non recovery (anaesthetised at start and euthanised at end)
- Mild (no significant impairment to wellbeing; short term mild pain suffering distress; insertion of hypodermic needle)
- Moderate (short term moderate psdlh; moderately impairment to wellbeing; any act of surgery)
- Severe (severe or long lasting psdlh; severe impairment to wellbeing)
22
Q
What clinical signs can be used for signs of pain and reaching limits and human endpoints?
A
Weight
BCS
Piloerection
Behaviour
Hunching
Mucous membranes
23
Q
Application of the 3Rs
A
- Replace (explored alternative options)
- Reduce (minimise number of animals used)
- Refine (pain relief, enrichment, most refined approach)
24
Q
Laboratory animal management
A
Five freedoms met as much as possible
Specific guidelines in the code of practice
Ensure good enrichment and good health
25
Who reviews the project licence?
AWERB (& home office)
26
Who makes up the AWERB panel?
Researcher
Personal licence holder
Statistician
Names vet surgeon
Surgical technicians
Named animal care and welfare officer
Lay member
27
What does the AWERB researcher do?
Specialist knowledge
Reviewing:
- justification
- plans
- statistical validity
- viability of alternatives
28
What does AWERB named vet do?
Experienced in multiple projects
Should have carried out their own research
Review:
- surgical and anaesthesia protocols
- human endpoints
- potential risks
- appropriate severity is applied
29
What does an AWERB named animal care officer do?
Experienced in husbandry for apt species
Review:
- suitability of housing
- clear endpoints
- assess adverse effects
- maintains welfare without hitting severity limit
30
Humane euthanasia under ASPA
All personnel should know how to do a Sch1 euthanasia = overdose of GA
31
What are the five freedoms?
Freedom from pain and disease
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom to express natural behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom from discomfort
32
Type of Lab animal environments
Biosecurity:
germ free / no pathogens
SOPF
SPF
- these will be housed in IVC (individual cages)
conventional - exposed to everything
33
Types of snakes
Colubrids (corn / milk snake)
Boids (boa and pythons)
Viperids (vipers / rattle snakes)
Elapids (cobras)
34
Types of lizards
Geckos (crested, leopard)
Agamids (bearded dragon)
Iguana (green)
Monitors (savannah)
Skinks (blue tongued)
Chameleons (veiled, panther)
35
Types of chelonians
Tortoises (med, Greek)
Terrapins
Box turtles
36
How to sex a snake ?
Probe or everting the hemipenes - 6-15 scales MALE
2-6 scales Female
Boids have spurs at the vent - large in males
37
What to be aware of when handling lizards?
Autotomy (tail falls off)
38
How do chill out a lizard if stressed?
Vaso-vagal reflex
Apply gentle pressure to both eyeballs
Stimulates autonomic NS to reduce HR BP AND RR
39
What zoonotic risk comes from handling reptiles?
Salmonella spp
40
How to sex a lizard?
Some are sexually dimorphic
Males - large crest and dewlaps or prominent pre-femoral pores or hemipenal bulge at base of tail
Females - swollen calcium stores (geckos)
41
Where should you hold the shell of a Chelonian?
Femoral fossae
42
How to sex a chelonian
Males:
Longer tails
Distal vent
Concave plastron
Eastern box turtles - males red iris / females yellow iris
43
How do reptiles regulate their body temperature?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation
44
What is the preferred optimum temperature zone?
Temp range which physiological processes function best
45
How should the preferred optimum temperate zone be for reptiles?
Temperature gradient - horizontal and/or vertical
Basking area at warm end
46
What heat sources do reptiles need?
Primary and secondary heat source
Heat may
Heat lamp
Thermostat to control temp
47
How to provide humidity?
Damp substrate
Spraying / misting
Water features
Water bowls on heat pads
(Ventilation shouldn’t be compromised)
48
What can low humidity cause?
Renal failure in iguanas
Dysecdysis in snakes and lizards
49
What can excessive humidity cause?
Bacterial and fungal dermatitis
50
How do reptiles uptake vitamin D?
Herbivore lizards and tortoises have poor uptake of vitamin D
Vitamin d removed from skin and stored in liver then to kidneys to be metabolised into vitamin d3
51
What type of UV should bulbs provide?
UV B
52
What distance should uv bulbs be placed in basking areas?
Within 30-45 cms
53
How often should you replace uv bulbs?
6-12months
54
What effect does UV A have in reptiles?
Behavioural effects
55
Where should UV lamps and heat lambs be placed?
Together!
56
How far should uv lamps be placed?
Within 6 inches
57
Substrate for reptiles
Newspaper
Soil leaf litter
Large bark chips (not cedar)
Sand
58
Why do females need access to suitable substrate?
Oviposition
59
Why is photoperiod important to reptiles?
For breeding
- seasonal differences
- tropical species (reduce hours of lighting in winter)
60
Vivarium designs
Branches for arboreal species
Suitable substrate for burrowing
Places to hide for security
Abrasive surface for snakes to shed
Water bowls / pools
Should be easy to clean
61
What is the risk of using finer substrate (sand)?
Can ingest and will eventually cause an impaction
62
Snake diets
Eat whole prey
Illegal to feed live prey
Garter snakes fed fish - supplement with thiamine
Smaller snakes fed more frequently than larger ones
63
Lizard and chelonian diets
Carnivorous
Insectivorous
Herbivorous
Omnivorous
- vary depending on life stage
64
Insectivorous
Invertebrates
- Crickets, mealworms - have poor calcium phosphorus ratio
Should be dusted with vitamin and mineral supplement
65
Herbivorous
High fibre weeds (75-95%) grasses and veggies (5-15%)
Calcium:phosphorus ratio important
- should be 2:1
Vitamin and mineral supplements needed
LIMIT fruit (<10%)
66
What are the common husbandry related diseases in reptiles?
Dysecdysis
Abscesses / infection
Bladder stones / renal disease - chronic dehydration
Pre or post ovulatory egg stasis
GI impaction
Cloacal prolapses
67
Common nutritional disease in reptile?
Metabolic bone disease (lizards and chelonians)
Insufficient calcium
Poor Ca:Phos ratio
Lack of UV light
Vitamin A deficiency (tortoises & geckos)
Obesity / hepatic lipidosis
Periodontal disease (lizards acrodont)
68
Why is substrate important for female reptiles
Because they need a safe space to lay their eggs
Will end up with retained eggs
69
Mediterranean tortoises
- do not mix species
Long lived herbivores
They hibernate
Need both outdoor and indoor enclosures
Must be open topped indoor pen (spring & autumn)
Outdoor enclosure in the summer
70
Tortoise outdoor enclosure
Do not put on grass
Large, dry, well drained
Substrate to burrow in
Rocks, plants for shade
Basking areas
Secure and predator proof
71
Tortoise indoor enclosure
Well ventilated
Suitable substrate
POTZ 20-28 Celsius - decrease to 15-20 at night
Heat lamp and UV lamp basking spot
72
Mediterranean tortoise diet
100% herbivorous
High fibre, low protein, low sugar, high calcium
Variety of non toxic weeds, leafy greens, flowers (no lettuce)
- red/purple dead nettle
Good Ca : Phosphorus ratio
Use calcium supplement daily
73
What is the most common tortoise pet ?
Horsfields
74
Why is it important not to mix tortoise species?
Because of diseases such as herpes can be asymptomatic to one but harmful to another
75
Why is it important to get Mediterranean tortoise diets right?
Metabolic bone disease
Accelerated growth carapacial deformities
76
Hibernation of tortoises
Pre hibernation check advised
Fast before hibernation to empty GIT (2-4weeks)
Bathe daily to ensure adequate hydration
Max 3 months
Temp approx 5 Celsius
1-2% weight loss / month
Fridge or well insulated predator proof box
77
Post hibernation - tortoises
Warm baths daily to encourage drinking and urinating
Should eat within 1-2 days
Anorexia common
Can turn into stomatitis, rhinitis and renal failure
78
Red eared terrapins
Semi aquatic
30yrs
Rapidly outgrow small tanks
Indoor tank; pond; outdoor pool
Robust filtration system for water quality
Water temp 22-28 Celsius
Dry basking spot 28-32 Celsius
UVB light source
Soil gravel substrate (females)
79
Red eared terrapins diet
Opportunistic omnivores
Juvenile more carnivorous
Feed 2-3x weekly
Pellets
Earthworms
Fish (sometimes)
Gut loaded dusted insects
80
Bearded dragons
Diurnal terrestrial
Omnivores
10-15years
POTZ 25-35 Celsius
Basking spot 35-50 Celsius
Night 21-24 Celsius
Low humidity 30-40%
UVB essential
Climbing and hiding spots
Newspaper / sand substrate - avoid wood chips
Secluded nesting area with damp sand
81
Bearded dragons diet
Insectivorous
Veggie as grow older
Gut load and dust insects
Adults - leafy greens, veg, occasional insects
Juveniles fed daily
Adults 2-3x week
Obesity and dental disease common
82
Leopard geckos
Nocturnal
Insectivorous
15-20 years
POTZ 25-30 Celsius
Heat pad at one end of vivarium
Low humidity 30-40%
Check toes for ecdysis
UVB advisable
Gut loaded and dusted insects
83
Chameleons
Easily stressed
Arboreal insectivorous
POTZ 22-32 Celsius
Basking spot 30-35 Celsius
Humidity varies 50-75%
UVB essential
Well ventilated
Lots of plants and branches
Drink water from dripping or misting system
Gut loaded dusted insects
Females prone to repro problems
84
Green iguana
Large
Arboreal herbivorous
POTZ 25-35 Celsius
High humidity 75-100%
UVB essential
Very large enclosures with branches and pool
100% veggies
- weeds leafy greens with calcium supplement
85
Corn / rat snakes
10-15 years
Nocturnal
POTZ 25-30
Humidity 30-70%
UVB not necessary
Newspaper substrate
Hiding spots
Suitable sized rodents every 5-10 days
Don’t feed / disturb when shedding
Water bowl to submerge
Cool to 10-15 degrees for 3 months breeding
86
Royal python
25-35years
Nocturnal
POTZ 25-40
Humidity 50-80%
- higher when shedding
UVB not necessary
Newspaper substrate
Hiding
Suitable sized rodents every 1-2 weeks
Do not feed / disturb when shedding
Try feeding at night
87
What factors affect poultry performance?
Genetics
Nutrition
Stocking density
Sex
Age
Temperature
Disease
Welfare
88
Indications of stress and hunger in feed restricted broilers
Hyperactivity
Pacing
Pecking
Over drinking
High feeding motivation
Increased plasma corticosterone
89
What are the solutions to stress and hunger in feed restricted broilers?
Environmental enrichment
Scattering food
90
What are the advantages and disadvantages of beak trimming chickens?
Advantages:
- no open wounds
- reduced stress
- reduced operator error
- reduced feather pecking
- improved feeding behaviour
Disadvantages:
- acute and chronic pain
- behaviour changes
91
How does a diet deficient in fats affect poultry?
Zero hatchability
Respiratory infections
Poor egg production
Small egg size
Low fertility
92
What are the symptoms of amino acid (protein) deficiency in poultry?
Feather abnormalities (arginine)
Loss of pigmentation (lysine)
Injurious pecking (laying hens - methionine and cysteine)
93
What amino acids are required for poultry feather growth & maintenance?
Methionine & cysteine
94
What nutritional requirements are needed to maintain and produce eggs & shell?
Calcium
Phosphorus
Protein
95
What nutritional requirements are needed to maintain poultry bone health ?
Calcium
Phosphorus
Omega 3 and 6
96
What are routine treatments for backyard poultry?
Wing clipping - once a year/ one wing
Beak tipping
Claw tripping
Spurs filed and trimmed
Bareback hens - canvas or leather saddles
97
Causes and treatments of diarrhoea in backyard poultry?
Causes: coccidiosis, viruses, bacterial, high protein diet
Treatment:
Biostop (Imodium)
Clean drinking water
Reduce treats
Remove wet bedding
98
Symptoms and treatment of infectious coryza in poultry?
Symptoms:
Facial and wattle swelling
Eye and nasal discharge
Sinusitis, sneezing, dyspnoea
Poor BCS & appetite
Reduced egg production
Treatment:
Antibiotics
Vaccinate
99
Symptoms and treatment of mycoplasmosis?
Symptoms
Coughing, gasping
Nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis
Poor BCS
Swollen joints
Mortality
Treatment
Antibiotics
100
Symptoms and treatment of infectious bronchitis?
Symptoms
Coughing sneezing rattling
Nasal discharge
Facial swelling
Conjunctivitis
Decreased egg production
Misshapen, thin eggshells
Treatment
Only severe infections treatable with antibiotics
Vax
101
Symptoms and prevention of parasites in poultry?
Symptoms
Weight loss
Depression
Poor condition
Lameness
Prevention
Routine working
Resting land
Don’t overstock
102
How many pigs worldwide?
980 million
103
What percentage of UK pig breeding herds are outside?
40%
104
Average size of pig outdoor holding?
1000
105
Average size of pig indoor holding?
700
106
Age of sow at 1st litter
12 months
107
Average pig litter size
11-13
108
Average piglet birth weight?
1-2kg
109
How many litters do pigs have a year?
2.2-2.5
110
Mean piglet weaning age?
27 days
111
Mean piglet weaning weight?
7kg
112
Finishing weight for pork?
55-70kg
113
Finishing weight for cutters?
70-80kg
114
Finishing weight for bacon?
90-110kg
115
Finishing weight for heavy hogs - pies and processed meat
120kg +
116
What is the pig kill out percentage? (% of carcass used)
75%
117
What is liveweight?
How much the pig weighs
118
What does dressed weight mean? (Pigs)
Weight of useful products
119
Gestation period of pigs?
115 days (3wks, 3mths, 3days)
120
Options for herd replacement (pigs)
Within own here
Purchased in
121
Climate change: what are mitigation strategies?
Anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (anything to slow down climate change)
122
Climate change: what is adaptation strategies?
Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects
123
What does climate change have effects on?
Sea life
All animals
Biodiversity loss
Global land change
124
Solutions for animals in climate change?
Species migration - active translocation hard combine with a corridor for wildlife so they can move to better locations
125
What are the biggest risks to companion animals with climate change?
Heat related illness:-
Risk factors are:
Age
Obesity
Breed (brachy)
126
What are the biggest risks to farm animals with climate change?
Heat stress
Low forage availability
127
What are some solutions for heat stress on on farms?
Technical and management changes
Systemic changes
More tress
Artificial shelters
Sprinklers
Breeds more heat resistant
128
Main roles of kennel club
Registration of dogs
Maintenance of breed standards
Health promotion
Breeding guidance
(Insurance)
(Microchipping)
(Find a puppy)
(Educational)
129
Role of kennel club with dog registration?
Keeps formal register of pedigree dogs
Must join KC to enter shows
Keeps an activity register
Overseas registration
Breed registration statistics
130
How does kennel club promote health and welfare?
Assured breeder scheme
Reporting of caesars
Reporting of conformation altering surgeries
Breed health and conservation plans
BVA/KC clinical screening schemes
The breed A-Z
Official dna testing schemes
Online health resources
The KC academy
Breeding guidelines
131
What are the main kennel club health schemes?
Hip scoring scheme - hip dysplasia
Elbow scoring scheme - elbow dysplasia
Eye scheme - eye diseases
Chiari malformation/ Syringomyelia
Respiratory function grading scheme
Heart scheme
132
What are the main roles of kennel club?
Registration of dogs
Maintenance of breed standards
Health promotion
Breeding guidance
133
Within the animal welfare regulations, who regulates the breeding of dogs?
Local authority (council)
134
Definition of a breeder?
Bitch or bitches give birth to three or more litters in any 12-month period
135
What are the kennel clubs breeding resources and health schemes ?
Assured breeder scheme
Breed health and conservation plans
Clinical screening schemes
Official DNA testing schemes
Breeding guidelines
Reporting of caesarean sections
Reporting of confirmation altering surgeries
136
What are the main kennel club health schemes?
Hip scoring
Elbow scoring
Eye scheme
Respiratory function grading
Heart scheme
137
What are the pros and cons of selection pressure in breeding?
Pro: desirable traits
Con: health related genes can be lost
138
What is inbreeding depression?
The accumulation of small conditions leading to a decrease in general health
139
What is the coefficient of inbreeding?
Probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical by descent
140
What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical with a full sibling mating or parent/offspring mating?
25%
141
What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical in a half sibling mating?
12.5%
142
What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical in a mating of 1st cousins?
6.25%
143
What is the core area for cats?
Where cats sleep rest and feel secure
Shared with same social group
Marked by face and flank rubbing
144
How do other cats signal their hunting area?
Urine spraying - time share
145
What are location preferences for cats toileting ?
Secluded area
Away from food and rest areas
Not shared
Diggable substrate
146
How are cats eyes adapted for sight?
Large eyes
Tapetum lucidum
Far sighted
Slow focus for hunting prey
147
How are cats ears adapted for hearing?
Detect ultrasonic calls of small rodents
Ears move independently
Ridges in ear to detect distance and height
148
How are cats sense of smell adapted for hunting?
More sensitive
Scent glands all over body
Vomeronasal organ
149
What 3 main factors affect behaviour in dogs?
Genetics
Learning
Physiology/pathological
150
What stage of a dogs life is most important for leaning ?
Juvenile
151
What facial language is this showing?
Aggression
152
When a dogs head is held below body level what behaviour is this representing?
Scared/fearful
153
Dog: stiff, slow tail wag means what?
Not happy to be greeted
154
What visual signs to look for in a fearful cat?
Slightly turned ears, lowering them
Back arching
Mild face tension
Feet closer to body
Make self smaller
Back arched
Ears flat
Ready to pounce!
155
When is the socialisation period for dogs?
12-14 weeks
156
When is the socialisation period for cats?
2-9weeks
157
What is the process of making a protein?
Replication of DNA
Transcription of DNA to RNA
translation of RNA to protein
158
How is DNA replicated?
Helicase unwinds to make replication fork
Makes a lagging and leading strand
159
Describe DNA transcription
Transcription factors & RNA polymerase bind to promoter region
RNA nucleotides linked to DNA by sugar phosphate backbone
RNA strand released
160
Describe translation
Ribosomes bind to 5’ of mRNA
Transfer RNA of amino acids interact with codons to make polypeptide chain
Stop codon = protein made
161
What does acetylation of dna do?
transcription activation
162
What does deacetylation of dna do?
Inhibits transcription
163
What can targeted DNA amplification be used for?
Determine presence/absence of target genes
164
What are primers?
Short sequences of single stranded DNA
165
What are primers used for?
Use with DNA polymerase to amplify specific DNA fragments for assays
166
What is isometric growth?
Scaled up version of animal (fish)
167
What is allometric growth?
Different parts grow at different speeds
