Animal midterm 1

Question 1

explain how our perception of the visual world is different then bees and birds (for example) what are the consequences of this?

Answer 1

we see very differently from them. bees -> UV light to see different patterns on flowers, birds->plumage looks very different in UV as well. This allows them to pick up on signals that we aren’t aware of.

Question 2

How do birds have an “extra sense”, explain

Answer 2

Birds seem to be able to feel electromagnetic fields of the earth to allow them to create maps in their head (or so it seems), extremely refined.

Question 3

What is “Umwelt” ?

Answer 3

the world as it is experienced by a particular organism, each one sense the environment in its own way relative to what it “needs” to do.

Question 4

Explain Umwelt of a tick.

Answer 4

positive geotaxis, moves towards fur(or hair) and war m bodies, drops when it detects butyric acid (what mammals release)

Question 5

Why can’t you compare one animals intelligence to another’s?

Answer 5

so much variability, different ways to measure intelligence but mostly animals are as smart as they need to be to survive in their environment.

Question 6

Explain the study by Inoue and Matsuzawa done on working memory in Chimps.

Answer 6

Mother and offspring chimps were trained on arabic number for a masking task and limited-hold memory task. they had to memorize lay out of numbers on screen. were WAY better then humans.

Question 7

What is Anthropomorphism?

Answer 7

when we attribute human traits/emotions/characteristics /intentions to non human attributes. Considered to be innate tendency of human beings. (back to us spiritually Mother Nature)

Question 8

What is a pro of anthropomorphism?

Answer 8

a ‘sense’ of the animal can lead to great insights when we try to ‘think’ like an animal.

Question 9

What is a con of anthropomorphism?

Answer 9

animals don’t sense or process the world as we do its important to be aware of this when studying behaviour.

Question 10

What is animal behaviour.

Answer 10

Scientific study of how and why animals behave how they do. (observable, repeatable, testable evidence)

Question 11

How r u gonna do on this exam?

Answer 11

FAN FLIPPIN TASTIC

Question 12

What is artificial selection?

Answer 12

The way we breed selectively animals based a desirable phenotype. e.g. dog breeding German bread to be strong and loyal, sheep dog bread to be energetic.

Question 13

Who is the selective agent in artificial selection of show dogs.

Answer 13

Humans

Question 14

How do selective agents in artificial selection select for the phenotype they want.

Answer 14

Via the effect on the genetic make up (genotype) coded in the genes.

Question 15

What is the selective agent in nature? how does it behave.

Answer 15

The environment is the selective agent, every environment selects animals differently depends on the variations within. e.g. Beatles (spotted vs white) which ever one has best survival will be selected in the environment.

Question 16

What is required for evolution by natural selection?

Answer 16

individuals must vary, some variation must be heritable, some individuals survive and reproduce better then others, survival and reproduction is not random (ind with more suitable traits do better), organism that are left have adaptions.

Question 17

why do they call natural selection blind?

Answer 17

because it is this complex environment that is influencing it, organisms aren’t being ‘hand picked’

Question 18

what is the difference in the environment of the Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) in Trinidad, in upper and lower stream levels.

Answer 18

upstream of water falls there is less predation and down stream of waterfalls there is a lot of predation

Question 19

How does the environment of each type of guppy in the Trinidad case influence the offspring of that population?

Answer 19

in upstream populations, females produce few larger offspring (harder for predator to eat) travel in small groups. Downstream, females produce many small offspring in hopes that a larger percentage of them will survive travel In large groups.

Question 20

When switching a guppy from areas (low to high predation or vice versa) what will be the consequences?

Answer 20

Within a deacde they will acquire the adaptations of the other population.

Question 21

How are adaptations and traits conveyed through generations?

Answer 21

they must be transferred through genes.

Question 22

How does your DNA hold a record of your family relationships?

Answer 22

It holds this record because your genetic make up is a fraction of your relatives make up. parents being 1/2 each, grand parents 1/4, and so on.

Question 23

If a behavioural trait Is being favoured In a population, what does that mean for the individuals carrying the genes that code for that behaviour?

Answer 23

They will be more frequent in the population.

Question 24

What is It called when a behavioural trait Is to help organism that share genes with you in order to further them in the population.

Answer 24

Kin selection

Question 25

according to kin selection, why are you more likely to save you're brother from being eaten by a shark then your second cousin?

Answer 25

because you share more of your genetic make up with your brother.

Question 26

What is eusociality?

Answer 26

level of organization in animal sociality where individuals give up their reproductive succes to care for offspring of others in pop. (communal care of young), overlapping generations and division of labour (some specialized).

Question 27

Do organisms in a eusocial population tend to be more or less related to each other?

Answer 27

tend to be more related, studies demonstrates within colonies of eusocial mole rats almost same levels of relatedness as inbred lab mice.

Question 28

What is an extreme example of a eusocial population?

Answer 28

The Naked mole rat, one queen who reproduces in the whole population, served by 3 males, every one else acts as defenders and foragers. (only eusocial vertebrate) ants as well.

Question 29

What is direct fitness?

Answer 29

An individuals reproductive success (number of viable offspring)

Question 30

What is indirect fitness?

Answer 30

reproductive success of genetic relatives.

Question 31

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 31

direct and indirect fitness put together.

Question 32

What are taxonomy and phylogeny? (generally)

Answer 32

two ways of classifying animals.

Question 33

What is taxonomy?

Answer 33

the naming of the animal.

Question 34

What is phylogeny?

Answer 34

understanding the evolutionary history of the animal by phylogenetic tree.

Question 35

What is the defining feature that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells(bacteria and Archaea)?

Answer 35

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, especially the nucleus which contains the genetic material and is enclosed by the nuclear envelop.

Question 36

What are Chordates?

Answer 36

animals possessing a notochord. (hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail, for at least some period of their life cycle. )

Question 37

Vertebrate are a subphylum of what?

Answer 37

chordates

Question 38

insects are in which phylum?

Answer 38

arthropod phylum

Question 39

What Is the definition of a mammal ?

Answer 39

a warm blooded vertebrate animal, of a class that is distinguished by the possession of fur or hair, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of young and (typically) birth of live young.

Question 40

What does a node represent on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 40

common ancestor to the species that come after splitting or branching point, all branch tips arising from a given branching point are descendent of the common ancestor of that branching point.

Question 41

What does a root represent on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 41

the common lineage from which all species indicated on the tree are derived.

Question 42

When evolution works on existing traits of shared ancestors in different ways of what do you call this?

Answer 42

Homologous traits.

Question 43

What do you call it when evolution shapes similar traits for common functions. for example bat wings and bird wings?

Answer 43

Analogous traits.

Question 44

What is behavioural genetics? (broadly)

Answer 44

It is how genetics and environment influence behaviour. interdisciplinary (psych, bio, neuroscience, ethology), study of heritability of behavioural traits.

Question 45

What is in a cell?

Answer 45

nucleus, chromosomes, (split into 23 pairs), which is made up of genes containing genome. Genes are made up of four nucleotide bases.

Question 46

what are genes?

Answer 46

Functional unit of heredity.

Question 47

Why is it said that your genome is the blue print of how your body functions and is maintained?

Answer 47

Because all the genes needed to 'remake' and 'run' you are found there

Question 48

How are instructions given by DNA to the rest of an organism.

Answer 48

DNA in double helix form, a series of proteins will come and unzip DNA, and go on to create a complementary single stranded RNA(transcription) , this copy is called Messengers RNA and is transported into the cytoplasm, here it I turned into a protein that the DNA codes for.(translation)

Question 49

What is transcription?

Answer 49

processes of copying the gene from the genome in order to make a protein.

Question 50

What is translation?

Answer 50

process of turning Messanger RNA into the protein that it is coded for.

Question 51

What are the two nucleic acid in the process of gene transcription?

Answer 51

DNA and RNA

Question 52

What is the function of Deoxyribonucleic-acid?

Answer 52

to transfer genetic material from one generation to the next. extremely stable in double helix form and is comprehensive instruction manual for organism. 'whole instruction manual'

Question 53

What is the function of ribonucleic acid ?

Answer 53

To direct synthesis of proteins in the body single stranded, easily broken down, very useful inside cell for translation. not as good for surviving generations. 'passages of the text to be copied'

Question 54

true of false DNA is self replicated

Answer 54

true

Question 55

When is RNA synthesized ?

Answer 55

RNA is synthesized from DNA when necessary.

Question 56

What are the nucleobases for DNA?

Answer 56

adenine, thymine, Guanine, cytosin

Question 57

What are the nucleases fro RNA?

Answer 57

adenine, uracil, Guanine, Cytosin

Question 58

What is a karyotype.

Answer 58

Paired 23 chromosomes (half coming from mother half from father) 46 in total.

Question 59

for each set of paired chromosomes there are how many copies of each gene? from where?

Answer 59

Two, one from mom one from dad

Question 60

What is an allele ?

Answer 60

Alternative forms of a gene that are found on the same place on a chromosome (paired)

Question 61

What do different alleys result in?

Answer 61

can result in different observable phenotypic traits. (like different pigmentation)

Question 62

If you have two different alleles, what decides which one will be expressed?

Answer 62

The dominant allele. ( will silence other)

Question 63

What are the characteristics of the dominant allele?

Answer 63

masks effects of other, is represented by H (capital h)

Question 64

What are the characteristics of the recessive allele?

Answer 64

only contributes to phenotype if dominant allele is not present, is represented by h (lower case h)

Question 65

What does homozygous dominate mean? (HH)

Answer 65

inherited dominant genes from both parents

Question 66

What does heterozygous dominant mean? (Hh)

Answer 66

Inherited two different alleles from each parent, one dominant and one recessive.

Question 67

What does homozygous recessive mean? (hh)

Answer 67

only case in which recessive phenotype will be seen

Question 68

What are sex cells called in reproduction?

Answer 68

gametes

Question 69

Explain the production of gametes (meiosis)

Answer 69

start with parent who has two copies of each chromosome, and on each is one copy of each allele. The cell duplicates each chromosome(X) To now have two copies of each allele. Then meiosis 1 cell segregates, 2 alleles on each side, then segregates again to end up with 4 gametes each with one copy of a chromosome and one allele. these are the cells that will be passed on.

Question 70

What is Mendel's law of independent assortment?

Answer 70

The presence of an allele of one of the genes in a gamete has no influence over which allele of another gene is present. as long as they are unlinked genes (genes on different chromosomes)

Question 71

Draw a punnet square for Father (Bb) which codes for a pink flower and mother (bb) which codes for a blue flower.

Answer 71

Bb, bb, Bb, bb

Question 72

Besides the law of assortment what else did Mendel observe when it comes to genetics.

Answer 72

genes can be manipulated through selective breeding, mainly focused on phenotypes.

Question 73

What is a good example of gene manipulation to determine behaviour?

Answer 73

Dog breeding, dates back a very long time (ancient roman times)

Question 74

Are a lot of genes dedicated to behavioural functions directly?

Answer 74

no, very few although they do influence the expression of a behaviour pattern, neural functioning t and development.

Question 75

What does the dorsophilia foraging gene paper by Kent et al, examine?

Answer 75

Looked at two distinct behaviours or phenotypes in fruit fly larvae, roving (very active in presence of food) and sitting (in presence of food tend to be relatively still and spend more time feeding)

Question 76

What is the gene with allelic variation responsible for the change in behaviour of fruit fly larvae?

Answer 76

foraging gene, code for enzyme (PKG), Higher activity for rover phenotype, rover is dominant allele

Question 77

A sitter fruit fly would have what type of gene make up for this allele?

Answer 77

homozygous recessive

Question 78

What happens to the fruit flies behavioural phenotype in the absence of food?

Answer 78

both allelic variances act like rovers, perfect example of how behaviour can be alter by genes and environment.

Question 79

How does dominance of alleles play a role in terms of behaviour and appearance in the ruff bird?

Answer 79

two distinct groups of males, independent(ss) s recessive homozygous (territorial and fighter, darker plumage). And satellite (Ss) S allele dominance (more passive and lighter fluffier plumage.) this subdivision is called behavioural dimorphism

Question 80

What is Pleiotropy. (animal example)

Answer 80

When one gene influences two or more seemingly independent phenotypic traits. for example s allele in ruff birds that codes for territoriality and plumage colour

Question 81

In order to have the Pleiotropic condition Phenylketonuria you must have what kind of genotype?

Answer 81

Must be Homozygous recessive for the gene. It is the absences of phenylalanine hydorxylase enzyme activity rendering unable to break down access phenylalanine. if not put on dietary restriction can lead to intellectual disabilities and seizures. (both parents must be recessive 25% chance for kid)

Question 82

What is an epistasis?

Answer 82

Gene expression depends on other genes present- the effect of one gene being dependent on the presence of one or more 'modifier genes'

Question 83

What is a very well known example of epistasis?

Answer 83

In Labrador retrievers, determines what pigment will be deposited into the fur. black: B?, E?, chocolate: b/b, E?, yellow: ??,e/e. noses in yellow dependent on b allele

Question 84

What is epigenetics?

Answer 84

study of heritability of biological mechanism that turn genes on and off. (study of chemical reactions and factors that influence them, that activate/deactivate during development at strategic times.) **do not change DNA sequences, jus mechanisms that determine if genes will be expressed or not

Question 85

How did the attentiveness of mother rats influence the behaviour and genes in the pups once they were full grown? (exp 1)

Answer 85

Pups that were raised with attentive mothers were much less stressed and the genes taken from DNA in hippocampus were rarely methylated (more receptors recover better) . Rat pups with inattentive mothers were more stressed and had highly methylated genes.(methylation means dna is packed more tightly and less receptors are produced, less receptors, don't recover from stress as well)

Question 86

what did they do to ensure that it wasn't purely genetic in the case of stressed out rats and highly methylated DNA.

Answer 86

they swapped the pups and came to similar conclusions

Question 87

How can you treat the pups with the epigeneticly caused methylated DNA.

Answer 87

you can treat them with trichostatin A, a drug that removes method groups, this causes the epigenetic changes to disappear (they chill tf out), stimulating living condition also help this.

Question 88

Studying is hard but

Answer 88

YOU GOT THIS <3

Question 89

What is temperature dependent sex determination?

Answer 89

temperature during embryonic development determines sex. (especially present in amniote vertebrates: reptiles) regardless of genotype.

Question 90

Temperature dependent sex (TDS), is present In the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) what do mother turtles do to their eggs to allow both sexes to be present.

Answer 90

they dig vertical holes in the sand, the lower the egg is the colder the environment, augmenting the possibility of a male. 29*c being the critical value, warmer female colder male.

Question 91

Thanks to Jensen et al, what do we know about the sex ratios in Chelonia Mydas, what has TDS been majorly influenced by.

Answer 91

for all three life stages of the turtles from the northern beaches were primarily female (act probably haven't produced a single male in almost 20 years), in south beaches they had a 60% female to 40% male which is okay but these turtles don't just breed in the same location so the overall ratio is about 1 male to 4 females (really bad). Due to climate change, beaches are getting warmer and no longer anywhere favouring the production of males.

Question 92

Why can science be consider to be value laden?

Answer 92

because it can come with our own perspectives of it. (faiths, beliefs)

Question 93

What are some reasons to animal behaviour is valuable to the scientific community and society as a whole.

Answer 93

for establishing general rules regulating behaviour and how best to preserve endangered animals (hunting as well), controlling economically important pests, creating better conditions for domestic animals/zoos. interest in species/taxon, processes, patterns, broad questions in relation to animals(conservation)

Question 94

What are some of the applications of animal behaviour ?

Answer 94

very wide range of what you can do, specialized training/behavioural technologies (police dogs seeing dogs), behavioural Vets, zoology, pet therapy, animal welfare, conservation, pest control, forensic entomology.

Question 95

What is project OCORN.

Answer 95

The application of pigeons acute sense of direction to guide missiles thanks to conditioning, (like suicide bombers)

Question 96

What fields of study does animal behaviour encompass.

Answer 96

psychology: animal (comparative across species skinner does one thing happen to all animals?) Biology(ethology, sociobiology, behavioural ecology). Anthropology(bio/physical, primatology so primates, anthrozoology, study of human-animal relationships more cultural/social)

Question 97

What are the three MAJOR fields of animal behaviour?

Answer 97

ethology, sociobiology, and behavioural ecology

Question 98

What is Ethology?

Answer 98

the study of species-specific(/typical) behaviours, i.e. behavioural patterns that are specific to a species or group of related species. Is about direct observation of animals in their natural (/semi) habitat and environment.

Question 99

Who were some of the big names in ethology and what did they study?

Answer 99

Karl von Frisch(bees and their somewhat language), Konrad Lorenz(duck imprinting) and Niko Tinbergen(naturalist who did a lot of field experiments)

Question 100

What is sociobiology?

Answer 100

Looking at how natural selection has selected for certain behaviours (mating patterns, hunting, territoriality) and why.

Question 101

Who are the big names in sociobiology and what did they accomplish.

Answer 101

E.O wilson made huge breakthroughs in ants social societies, and biodiversity. although he published a book with a very controversial ending. Richard dawnings, historically controversial, drew parallels to aggression being biological (genetic) in nature. eugenics*

Question 102

What is Behavioural Ecology?

Answer 102

Function and evolution of behaviour, strong theoretical approach, formed from ecology and ethology informed by comparative animal psychology. (Foraging, predator vs. prey, mate choice)

Question 103

What three scientific approaches are used for ethology.

Answer 103

empirical, theoretical, and conceptual.

Question 104

What do proximate and ultimate factors include in terms of the four legs of animal behaviour established by tinbergen.

Answer 104

mechanism(how its been shaped by ->) and development(learning) happens in the here and now and make up proximate *HOW. Evolution/pylogenetics (history of the organism) and survival value (how does x increase fitness) build the ultimate *WHY (beyond the life span of one organism)

Question 105

What are proximate questions?

Answer 105

How is behaviour accomplished? like sensory systems, hormones, physical cues.

Question 106

What are ultimate questions?

Answer 106

based on evolution, how behaviour evolved, why was it favoured by natural selection?

Question 107

give a proximate and ultimate answer to why deer grow antlers?

Answer 107

proximate: certain hormones are produced at certain times(how-mechanisms) Ultimate: to win fights during fall rut(why-evolutionary) winning fights increases number of offspring.

Question 108

When studying meticulous behaviour (like the movements of a mouse eating a piece of pasta) what is the ideal way to catalogue this?

Answer 108

by using an ethogram, which is a list of detailed definitions of different behaviours, they can be adjusted to what you are studying specifically. Helps to determine in fine detail what you want to look at.

Question 109

what is a bout in an ethogram

Answer 109

a short period of -more intensive- repetition

Question 110

What is a sequence in terms of the organization of behaviour?

Answer 110

the steps of a behavior broken down into smaller parts, e.g : (wolf hunting: orient, eye, stalk, chase, grab, kill, dissect, consume)Can artificially select for animals that are better at stopping at certain steps (dogs that retrieve hunting meat stop before dissecting)

Question 111

What is a behaviour system?

Answer 111

Within sequences can be organized as networks, complex, not a linear concept, also overlap with different goals of behavior and smaller movement. All of these little movements make functional sense, through a lot of observation you can determine, using this, what variable will affect the organism in what way.