Animal Nutrition I Flashcards by Amy McGovern

3 needs to satisfy an adequate diet of an animal

Fuel
Organic raw materials for biosynthesis
Essential nutrients

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Activities than an animal needs nutrients for

Maintenance
Foetal growth
Movement
Milk/wool production
Growth

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6 nutrients required by an animal

Amino acids
Energy
Fatty acids
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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Maintenance (def.)

The energy needed for vital functions, regardless of production

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Difference between food and nutrients

Food - the edible material (grass, hay)
Nutrients - specific components of food that are digestible, which can be utilised

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How are CHO and protein digested in a ruminant?

Microbial fermentation

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What are CHO and protein broken down into?

CHO = VFA
Protein = microbial protein

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Overall function of the GI tract

Prehension
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption of food
Elimination of solid waste material

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pH of pig saliva

7.3

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Coprophagy (def.)

Animals that ingest faeces

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3 salivary glands in the mouth and where they’re located

Parasitoids - in front of each ear
Submandibular - on each lower jaw
Sublingual - under the tongue

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Saliva composition

99% water
1% inorganic salts
Mucin
Alpha amylase
Complex lysozymes

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What animals do not have salivary amylase?

Horse, dog, cat

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What does alpha amylase in pigs hydrolyse?

The alpha (1-4) glucan links that are found in polysaccharides which contain 3+ alpha (1-4) D glucose units

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Functions of the stomach

Produce pepsinogen
Secrete HCl
Acts as a barrier to harmful microorganisms

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What region in the stomach produces mucus?

The cardiac region, fundic region, and pyloric region

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Capacity of an adult pig stomach

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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

Produce insulin

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Where is the site of main nutrient absorption?

Jejunum

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What 4 enzymes are secreted by the pancreas?

Chymotrypsin
Trypsin
Carboxypeptidase
Pancreatic amylase

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What enzyme breaks down lactose?

Lactase (into glucose and galactose)

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3 ways villi drain into lymphatic system

An arteriole
A lacteal
Venules

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Feeding strategy of goats/sheep

Intermediate feeders

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3 sections of the large intestine

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

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Longest section of the Large Intestine in the pig

Colon

Forms that CHOs are digested as

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

Main site of water absorption

Large intestine

3 VFAs produced in a pig's large intestine

Acetic Propionic Butyric

5 specialised organs in poultry animals

Beak Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Cloaca

What makes the cloaca a specialised organ?

It's a common chamber and has purpose for digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems

What makes hindgut fermenters different?

Large intestine is more complex and much bigger than monogastrics

How are the glucose beta glucoside links broken down in a hindgut fermenter?

In the large intestine, hydrolysed by cellulase

4 regions in the stomach

Oesophageal Cardic Fundic Pyloric

What fibre is not digestible by pigs?

Beta glucan

Amount of saliva produced by a sheep per day

Chambers of a ruminant stomach

Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum

What stimulates rumination?

The stimulation of the epithelium at the anterior end of the rumen (determined by roughage content)

Amount of saliva a cow produces per day

150L

Function of buffering compounds and mucin

Buffering compounds - maintain rumen pH Mucin - prevents bloat

Difference between a monogastric and ruminant oesophagus

A ruminant oesophagus has striated muscle along its entire length, a monogastric doesn't

pH of the rumen

5.5-6.5

How much of a ruminants day is taken up by rumination?

1/3

Are protease enzymes present in the saliva of a ruminant?

2 types of m/o present in the rumen and reticulum of a ruminant

Bacteria and protozoa

What is non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?

Components which are not proteins but can be converted to proteins by rumen microbes (eg. urea, ammonia)

When is metabolizable protein digested?

Pre- or post-ruminally MP is used for milk protein synthesis

Function of soluble protein

A readily available nitrogen source for rumen microbes. It is then degraded in the rumen to ammonia

What are the non-structural carbohydrates composed of?

Starch and sugars

What is the most common measure of structural carbohydrates?

Neutral detergent fibre

What is the difference between the composition of a neutral detergent fibre and an acid detergent fibre?

NDF is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin ADF is composed of cellulose and lignin

When are VFAs produced?

When carbohydrates undergo microbial fermentation

How are amino acids transported to the rumen

Inside microbial cells

The fate of the amino acids inside the microbial cells is determined by the availability of energy. What will happen if energy is available?

AA will be used directly for microbial protein synthesis

What will happen if energy is limiting?

AA will be dominated by microbes releasing ammonia and their C-skeleton. The C-skeleton will then be fermented into VFAs

What type of amino acids are bacteria capable of synthesising?

Both essential and non-essential AA

What happens in the rumen when the ammonia requirement is in excess?

Ammonia is absorbed in the blood and carried to the liver where it is converted to urea

What happens to the urea produced?

The urea may be returned to the rumen via saliva or through the rumen wall. Majority is excreted in the urine (wasted)

Examples of Non-Protein Nitrogen

Urea Biuret Ammonia

What enzyme is used to produce urea from ammonia?

Urease

What form of protein provides a greater diversity of amino acids than microbial protein?

Rumen degradable protein Rumen undegradable protein Escape rumen degradable protein

What are the two most likely limitations to microbial protein synthesis?

Energy availability Ammonia availability

What is the biological value of microbial protein?

Approx 80%

Which are more efficient at protein utilisation; monogastrics or ruminants?

Monogastrics can convert 85% of the nitrogen absorbed to tissue protein while ruminants are only 25% efficient in nitrogen use

In ruminants, where does the other 75% nitrogen go?

50% urine 25% excreted in faeces

Is ammonia toxic to cells?

Yes. Excess is immediately absorbed through the rumen wall and transferred to the liver where it is converted to urea.

What are some additives that reduce nitrogen loss?

Ionophores Essential oils which can contain volatile fractions of plants Tannins

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What determines how much milk or meat an animal will produce?

The amount of energy consumed

How do plants store glucose?

As amylose or amylopectin

What is the benefit of glucose being stored in polymeric form?

It minimises osmotic effects

What is amylose?

A glucose polymer with α(1->4) linkages

What is a reducing end?

The end of the polysaccharide with an anomeric C1 not involved in a glycosidic bond

What is amylopectin?

A glucose polymer with mainly α(1->4) linkages

What do the branches in amylopectin provide?

Multiple chain ends at which enzymatic cleavage can occur

What is the glucose storage polymer in animals called?

Glycogen

What does the highly branched structure of glycogen permit?

Rapid glucose release from glycogen stores (eg. muscle during exercise)

What is a major constituent of plant cell walls?

Cellulose

What does the pancreas secrete?

Trypsin (cleaves proteins at basic AA) Chymotrypsin (cleaves proteins at aromatic AA) Carboxypeptidase (takes of terminal acid group from protein) Pancreatic amylase (degrades carbohydrates)

Small intestinal enzymes and what they break down..

Sucrase: sucrose-> glucose + fructose Maltase: maltose -> glucose Isomaltase: maltose Lactase: lactose -> glucose + galactose Intestinal lipase: fatty acids

Which enzyme do monogastrics lack?

Cellulase (to digest the carbohydrate cellulose)

What is the main digestive gland in the body?

Pancreas

Which region of the intestine produces the most VFA's in pigs?

Colon

Which m/o is the most abundant in the rumen of a mature ruminant?

Bacteria

Which region of the ruminant stomach makes up the largest portion of the calf digestive tract?

Abomasum

What food supplement maximises rumen development?

Concentrates

Which of the VFA's has the most influence on rumen development?

Butyric acid

What is the main glucose transporter in the small intestine of pigs and poultry?

SGLT1

What molecules is made up of chains of glucose linked by beta (1-4) linkages?

Cellulose

Which enzyme breaks down starch?

Amylase

What is the main region of nutrient absorption in pigs?

Jejunum

Animal Nutrition I Flashcards

(90 cards)