Animal Physiology

Question 1

It is related to the functions of the body and all its parts, including cells, tissues and organs

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

The __________ consists of skin and skin appendages, including:

•
•
•
•
•

Answer 2

integumentary system

• Hair
• Nails
• Horns
• Sebaceous glands
• Sweat glands

Question 3

Its primary function is to act as a protective layer against disease, infection, the sun, and other potentially harmful elements.

Answer 3

skin

Question 4

What are the two layers of animal skin

Answer 4

Epidermis and Dermis

Question 5

It is the outer layer of the skin and contains no blood cells.

Answer 5

epidermis

Question 6

The epidermis is a superficial covering of __________ comprised of an external layer of dead cells sitting on a lower layer of living cells.

Answer 6

stratified epithelial tissue

Question 7

It is the is the inner layer of the skin and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles, and muscle fibers.

Answer 7

dermis

Question 8

It is a deeper layer of dense, irregular connective tissue.

Answer 8

dermis

Question 9

Skin Appendages (modified extensions) derived from the skin include:

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Answer 9

• Hair
• Scales
• Hoofs
• Feathers
• Claws
• Horns
• Nails

Question 10

• Coat coverings differ between animals species.

• _____, _____, ______, and _____ have hair, ______ have wool, and _____ have feathers.

• Hair, wool and feather are all comprised of _____ and are essential for regulating ______.

Answer 10

HAIR - Goats, horses, cattle, and swine
WOOL - sheep
FEATHERS - Poultry

protein
body temperature

Question 11

Each hair follicle has a small bundle of smooth muscle fibers called _________

Answer 11

Arrector pili

Question 12

It can contract to pull the hair perpendicular to the skin surface

Answer 12

Arrector pili

Question 13

• The _______ muscles are stimulated to contract involuntarily by the ______ in times of stress or cold.

• When all hairs are standing perpendicular, they trap more air and keep the animal’s body warmer.

Answer 13

arrector pili
nervous system

Question 14

The principle glands of the skin are:

Answer 14

Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands

Question 15

It release water to cool the body.

Answer 15

Sweat glands

Question 16

Secrete oil substances to lubricate the skin and hair.

Answer 16

Sebaceous glands

Question 17

_______ in the dermis of the skin detect touch, pain, heat, and cold.

Answer 17

Sensory receptors

Question 18

Sensory receptors include:

•
•
•
•

Answer 18

• Merkel cells
• Meissner’s corpuscles
• Paccinian corpuscles
• Free nerve endings

Question 19

respond to very light pressure.

Answer 19

Merkel cells

Question 20

are sensitive to touch and are found in delicate areas such as the lips and fingertips.

Answer 20

Meissner’s corpuscles

Question 21

It detect pressure.

Answer 21

Paccinian corpuscles

Question 22

sense heat and cold as well as touch.

Answer 22

Free nerve endings

Question 23

It is the framework of the body.

Answer 23

skeletal system

Question 24

It is made up of bones and connective tissue and provides structural support for all of the other organ systems.

Answer 24

skeletal system

Question 25

It protects the organs of the body.

Answer 25

skeletal system

Question 26

• The _____ protects the brain, ____ protect the lungs, and ______ protect the spinal cord.

Answer 26

skull ribs vertebrae

Question 27

• The _______ works in conjunction with the muscles to allow movement of the different body parts.

Answer 27

skeleton

Question 28

The skeleton is made up of the _______ and the ________

Answer 28

Axial skeleton appendicular skeleton

Question 29

The _______ consists of those bones on the midline of the body including: • • • •

Answer 29

axial skeleton • Skull • Vertebrae • Ribs • Sternum

Question 30

The __________ is comprised of those bones coming off the midline of the body including: • • •

Answer 30

appendicular skeleton • Forelegs (arms) • Hindlegs (legs) • Bones in the pelvic region

Question 31

Bones are divided into four classes. • • • •

Answer 31

• Long bones • Flat bones • Short bones • Irregular bones

Question 32

Found in the limbs, are the supporting columns and levers for the skeletal system and the body.

Answer 32

Long bones

Question 33

________ protect the body's organs and serve as an area of muscle attachment.

Answer 33

Flat bones

Question 34

_________ such as the bones in the knee hock joint, diffuse concussion, diminish friction, and change the direction of tendons.

Answer 34

Short bones

Question 35

_________ are those bones found in the vertebral column.

Answer 35

Irregular bones

Question 36

Bone is made up of _______ and ______ matter.

Answer 36

Organic and inorganic matter

Question 37

The ________ is mostly collagen and gives bone flexibility and resilience.

Answer 37

organic matter

Question 38

The ____________ is mostly tricalcium phosphate and gives bone rigidity and hardness.

Answer 38

inorganic matter

Question 39

The inner core of the bone is soft tissue called _________

Answer 39

Bone marrow

Question 40

Some of bone marrow consists of yellow fat, called _________

Answer 40

yellow marrow

Question 41

The outer portion of bone marrow is comprised of red tissue, called ________

Answer 41

red marrow

Question 42

The ________ is responsible for blood cell and platelet formation.

Answer 42

red marrow

Question 43

Bone is formed from cartilage when the animal is an _____. This process is known as ___________ or ___________

Answer 43

embryo endochondral ossification or endochondral bone formation

Question 44

The bone forming cells are known as ________

Answer 44

osteoblasts

Question 45

Osteoblasts develop into ________ or mature bone cells.

Answer 45

osteocytes

Question 46

Bone formation occurs at a ________

Answer 46

growth plate

Question 47

Bone formation occurs at a growth plate: • Primary ossification occurs at the _________ growth rate • Secondary ossification occurs at the __________ growth rate. The secondary ossification site is in the center of the ________

Answer 47

metaphyseal epiphyseal epiphysis

Question 48

_________ binds tissues together to give form and strength to organs and provide protection and leverage.

Answer 48

Connective tissue

Question 49

Four types of connective tissues exist within the skeletal system: • • • •

Answer 49

• Ligaments • Tendons • Cartilage • Fascia

Question 50

connect bone to bone

Answer 50

Ligaments

Question 51

attach muscle to bone

Answer 51

Tendons

Question 52

Three types of cartilage found in the body:

Answer 52

Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage

Question 53

__________ is found on the ends of bones and acts as cushioning in joints.

Answer 53

Hyaline cartilage

Question 54

_________ makes up body parts such as the ears.

Answer 54

Elastic cartilage

Question 55

_________ provides cushioning between the inter vertebral discs.

Answer 55

Fibrocartilage

Question 56

________ is located between the skin and the underlying muscle or bone. It is comprised of two layers. The top layer, __________ is attached to the skin while the bottom layer, __________ covers the muscle or bone.

Answer 56

Fascia superficial fascia deep fascia

Question 57

________ are articulations (unions) between bones.

Answer 57

Joints

Question 58

Three types of joints are found in the body: • • •

Answer 58

• Fibrous • Cartaginous • Synovial

Question 59

• Joints can be highly movable - for example, the _______ • Partially movable for example, the ______ • Immovable for example, _________________________

Answer 59

• shoulder • ribs • suture joints between the plates of the skull

Question 60

The _________ in conjunction with the skeletal system, allows the movement of internal structures, limbs, and the body as a whole.

Answer 60

muscular system

Question 61

Muscles can be categorized by their: ________ (_______, _______, or ______) _______________ (_________ or __________) __________ (________, ________ or ________)

Answer 61

Function (skeletal, visceral, or cardiac) Activation Method (voluntary or involuntary) Physiology (smooth, striated, unstrained)

Question 62

____________ are striated voluntary muscle that are involved in the movement of the skeleton.

Answer 62

Skeletal muscles

Question 63

It can be intentionally controlled by the animal.

Answer 63

Skeletal muscles

Question 64

____________ are involuntary unstriated muscles found in the digestive organs and blood vessels of the body.

Answer 64

Smooth or visceral muscles

Question 65

_____________ function automatically and can not be controlled by the animal.

Answer 65

Smooth or Visceral muscles

Question 66

___________ is involuntary striated muscle found only in the heart.

Answer 66

Cardiac muscles

Question 67

No conscious control of, but it can be regulated by the autonomic nervous system.

Answer 67

Cardiac muscles

Question 68

Skeletal muscles can be divided into four functional groups: • • • •

Answer 68

• Flexors • Extensors • Abductors • Adductors

Question 69

Many muscles work in pairs so that when one contracts (flexes or shortens) the other one relaxes (extends or lengthens). This relationship is know as _________

Answer 69

antagonism

Question 70

Muscles that work together to perform a movement are referred to as __________

Answer 70

synergists

Question 71

__________ decrease the angle between two lever bones when they contract. Example: ________

Answer 71

Flexor muscles Biceps

Question 72

________ increase the angle between two lever (bones) when they contract. Example: _______

Answer 72

Extensor muscles Triceps

Question 73

__________ move limbs away from the median plane (the middle or main part of the body). Example: _______

Answer 73

Abduction muscles Deltoids

Question 74

__________ pull limbs toward the median plane (middle or main part of the body). Example: ________

Answer 74

Adductor muscles Pectoralis Major

Question 75

• Most __________ attach to two different bones. • The _________ is on the most stable or least movable bone while the ________ is on the more movable bone.

Answer 75

skeletal muscles point of origin insertion point

Question 76

• Skeletal muscle is made up of bundles of ______ or cells that stretch from one tendon, or connective tissue, to the other tendon. • These bundles of fibers lie ________ to each other within the muscle sheath making the muscle appear ______ or _______. • Each bundle consists of fibers, which are individual cells with multiple _______.

Answer 76

fibers parallel striped or striated nuclei

Question 77

Individual muscle fibers are made up of bundles of _______ enclosed in a series of _______. They are made up of thick filaments of _______ and thin filaments of _____.

Answer 77

myofibrils sarcomeres myosin actin

Question 78

• Muscle contraction occurs as a result of a process known as __________ • Each _________ contracts as a result of the actin and myosin filament sliding over each other.

Answer 78

sliding filament action sarcomere

Question 79

It is made up of bundles of fibers or cells that stretch from one tendon, or connective tissue, to the other tendon.

Answer 79

Skeletal muscle

Question 80

These ___________ lie parallel to each other within the muscle sheath making the muscle appear striped or striated.

Answer 80

bundles of fibers

Question 81

Energy utilized for muscle construction comes primarily from non-protein sources such as _______, _______ and ________.

Answer 81

adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen, body fats

Question 82

_______ allow the greatest range of movements such as: (8)

Answer 82

• Gliding • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Rotation • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction