Animal Physiology

Question 1

What is another name for the fed state that occurs after a meal is consumed?

Answer 1

Absorptive state

Question 2

What happens to good glucose in the body?

Answer 2

it is used for lipogenesis

Question 3

When the level of the glucose pool falls below​ normal, which of the following tissues is still able to access glucose from the​ plasma?

Answer 3

Brain

Question 4

What are the main molecules used for​ gluconeogenesis?

Answer 4

Amino acids

Question 5

Which pathway is the opposite of​ gluconeogenesis?

Answer 5

Glycolysis

Question 6

Question content area
Part A
A patient has a gene mutation that does not allow hormones to stimulate the activity of enzymes in the fed state. Based on​ push-pull control, which do you​ expect?

Answer 6

More glucose and less​ glycogen, because insulin cannot activate enzymes

Question 7

A student is fasting for religious reasons. Which would you​ expect?

Answer 7

Increased glycogenolysis and increased lipolysis

Question 8

What is the ultimate fate of proteins in the fasted​ state?

Answer 8

Deamination of amino acids in the liver

Question 9

target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

Answer 9

type 2

Question 10

no insulin is produced

Answer 10

type one

Question 11

glucose levels remain higher than normal

Answer 11

both type one and type two

Question 12

Insulin is produced by the​ __________ cells of the pancreas.

Answer 12

beta

Question 13

Why is glucose present in the urine of people with diabetes​ mellitus?

Answer 13

Insulin target cells are not able to take in the glucose from the​ blood, resulting in hyperglycemia and saturation of kidney glucose transporters.

Question 14

in the fasted​ state, which hormone combination would​ occur?

Answer 14

Higher glucagon and lower insulin

Question 15

How does the binding of insulin to its receptor stimulate glucose uptake from the​ bloodstream?

Answer 15

It stimulates insertion of GLUT4 transporters in the cell membrane.

Question 16

Which is a difference between the reflex loops for insulin and​ glucagon?

Answer 16

One stimulates installation of glucose carriers in target cell​ membranes, and the other does not.

Question 17

What causes most cases of type 1 diabetes​ mellitus?

Answer 17

Antibodies and leukocytes destroy beta cells.

Question 18

Information coming into the central nervous system is transmitted along​ ________ neurons.

Answer 18

afferent and sensory

Question 19

Exocrine​ glands, smooth​ muscles, and cardiac muscles are controlled by the

Answer 19

autonomic division

Question 20

the enteric nervous system is a network of neurons that functions in controlling

Answer 20

digestion

Question 21

in general the nervous system is made of which two cells
1. motor
2. neurons
3. sensory
4. glia
5. associative

Answer 21

2 and 4

Question 22

Arrange the following events in the proper​ sequence:
1. Efferent neuron graded potential reaches threshold and fires an action potential.
2. Afferent neuron graded potential reaches threshold and fires an action potential.
3. Target organ responds.
4. CNS reaches decision about response.
5. Sensory receptor detects change in the environment.

Answer 22

5,2,4,1,3

Question 23

The region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the

Answer 23

synapse

Question 24

Where do most action potentials​ originate?

Answer 24

Initial segment

Question 25

What opens first in response to a threshold​ stimulus?

Answer 25

​Voltage-gated Na Superscript ​+ channels

Question 26

What characterizes​ depolarization, the first phase of the action​ potential?

Answer 26

The membrane potential changes from a negative value to a positive value.

Question 27

What characterizes​ repolarization, the second phase of the action​ potential?

Answer 27

Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of​ +30 mV, it repolarizes to its negative resting value of​ -70 mV.

Question 28

What event triggers the generation of an action​ potential?

Answer 28

The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of​ -70 mV to a threshold value of​ -55 mV.

Question 29

What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold​ stimulus?

Answer 29

​Voltage-gated Na Superscript ​+ channels change​ shape, and their activation gates open.

Question 30

What type of conduction takes place in unmyelinated​ axons?

Answer 30

Continuous conduction

Question 31

An action potential is​ self-regenerating because​ __________.

Answer 31

depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na Superscript ​+​‎ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment

Question 32

Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one​ direction, rather than in two​ directions?

Answer 32

The inactivation gates of​ voltage-gated Na Superscript ​+​‎ channels close in the​ node, or​ segment, that has just fired an action potential.

Question 33

What is the function of the myelin​ sheath?

Answer 33

The myelin sheath increases the speed of action potential conduction from the initial segment to the axon terminals.

Question 34

What changes occur to​ voltage-gated Na Superscript ​+ and K Superscript ​+ channels at the peak of​ depolarization?

Answer 34

Inactivation gates of​ voltage-gated Na Superscript ​+​‎ channels​ close, while activation gates of​ voltage-gated K Superscript ​+​‎ channels open.

Question 35

In which type of axon will velocity of action potential conduction be the​ fastest?

Answer 35

Myelinated axons with the largest diameter

Question 36

What does the​ Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation take into account that the Nernst equation does​ NOT?

Answer 36

the permeabilities of the ions

Question 37

Which is the correctly written Nernst​ equation?

Answer 37

​61/z × log ​[ion] Subscript out​ / ​[ion] Subscript in

Question 38

The resting membrane potential results from

Answer 38

uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane and differences in membrane permeability to ions.

Question 39

he rising phase of the action potential is due to

Answer 39

Na Superscript ​+ flow into the cell only.

Question 40

The falling phase of the action potential is due mainly to

Answer 40

K Superscript ​+ flow out of the cell only.

Question 41

Choose the items that are correctly matched.

Answer 41

activation gate​ - opens during depolarization

Question 42

The absolute refractory period of an action potential

Answer 42

ensures​ one-way travel down an​ axon, allows a neuron to ignore a second signal sent that closely follows the​ first, and prevents summation of action potentials.

Question 43

In the membrane of a resting nerve​ cell, when chemically gated Cl Superscript ​- channels​ open,

Answer 43

Cl Superscript ​- ions enter the cell.

Question 44

Which will best increase the conduction rate of action​ potentials?

Answer 44

Increase the diameter of the​ axon, increase the resistance of the axon membrane to ion leakage.

Question 45

Which does NOT influence the time necessary for a nerve impulse to be conducted by a​ neuron?

Answer 45

whether axon is sensory or motor

Question 46

If the resting​ axon's membrane becomes more permeable to potassium​ ions,

Answer 46

it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude to initiate an action potential.

Question 47

How would the absolute refractory period be affected if​ voltage-gated sodium channels remained​ inactivated?

Answer 47

longer than normal

Question 48

When comparing action potentials to graded​ potentials, an/two important distinguishing​ characteristic/s is/are

Answer 48

graded potentials can undergo summation and the rate of action potentials is limited by the refractory period.

Question 49

The primary problem in hyperkalemia is that

Answer 49

neurons are easier to excite because their resting potential is closer to threshold and neurons respond too quickly to smaller graded potentials.

Question 50

What would happen to the membrane potential if a resting cell suddenly became more permeable to Ca Superscript ​++​?

Answer 50

it would depolarize

Question 51

What triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents from an axon​ terminal?

Answer 51

The opening of​ voltage-gated Ca Superscript ​2+ channels

Question 52

Which is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the​ brain?

Answer 52

GABA

Question 53

The inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS act by opening​ ________ channels.

Answer 53

only Cl Superscript ​-

Question 54

Which is NOT a known drug effect on synaptic​ function?

Answer 54

change the type of neurotransmitter found in the synaptic vesicle

Question 55

When more action potentials arrive at the axon​ terminal, how are neurotransmitters​ affected?

Answer 55

More molecules are released into the synapse.

Question 56

The following are steps involved in transmission at the cholinergic​ synapse: 1. Chemically gated ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane are opened. 2. Calcium ions enter the axon terminal. 3. An action potential depolarizes the axon terminal at the presynaptic membrane. 4. Acetylcholine is released from storage vesicles by exocytosis. 5. Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. The correct sequence for these events is

Answer 56

3,2,4,5,1

Question 57

Which type of receptor would bind acetylcholine and be found in skeletal​ muscle?

Answer 57

Nicotinic cholinergic

Question 58

An excitatory postsynaptic potential​ (EPSP)

Answer 58

depolarizes a​ neuron, increasing the likelihood of an action potential.

Question 59

A patient had a trauma that damaged an endocrine​ gland, causing decreased hormone secretion. Which of the following would you​ expect?

Answer 59

Decreased negative feedback and decreased cellular responses

Question 60

Which of the following is the best example of negative​ feedback?

Answer 60

Thyroid hormone​ (TH) released into the bloodstream causes increased cellular metabolism and increased body​ temperature, inhibiting TH release.

Question 61

Endocrine pathologies can occur through excess​ secretion, inadequate​ secretion, and what other​ mechanism?

Answer 61

Abnormal target cell response

Question 62

The endocrine gland that is modified sympathetic ganglia is the

Answer 62

adrenal medulla.

Question 63

Cholesterol is the starting material for the synthesis of

Answer 63

progesterone, aldosterone, and estradiol.

Question 64

Cortisol has which​ effects?

Answer 64

suppresses the immune system and influences brain function

Question 65

Without​ cortisol's permissive effect on​ ________, an animal would die.

Answer 65

glucagon

Question 66

Melanocortins includes one or more of the following

Answer 66

ACTH and MSH

Question 67

Increased cortisol would NOT cause which of the​ following?

Answer 67

increased ACTH levels

Question 68

The common precursor for all steroid hormones is​ __________.

Answer 68

cholesterol

Question 69

Which of these following would be a cause of secondary​ hypercortisolism?

Answer 69

A cancerous tumor secreting ACTH

Question 70

A patient has a disease that destroys cells that secrete cortisol. Which of the following would you expect to​ find?

Answer 70

Increased CRH and increased ACTH

Question 71

The effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissue include

Answer 71

increased adrenergic effects in the heart

Question 72

C cells of the thyroid gland secrete​ __________.

Answer 72

calcitonin

Question 73

Which of the following is the site of dysfunction in someone who has excessive TSH and excessive thyroid hormones but low​ TRH?

Answer 73

Anterior pituitary

Question 74

Parathyroid hormone increases the level of calcium ion in the blood. stimulates osteoclast activity. increases the rate of calcium absorption. decreases the rate of calcium excretion. All of these answers are correct.

Answer 74

all of the above

Question 75

Which of the following is an action of growth​ hormone?

Answer 75

Increased​ insulin-like growth factor secretion

Question 76

Which statement most accurately describes how the sex of a human embryo is​ determined?

Answer 76

Embryos with the SRY gene become​ male; embryos without the gene become female.

Question 77

A baby is born with female external genitalia but has male internal genitalia. After running a few​ tests, you discover that the levels of​ 5-a reductase are normal. Which of the following statements best describes a condition that might have caused​ this?

Answer 77

The developing testis produced too little testosterone during development.

Question 78

Which statement is true about gamete​ formation?

Answer 78

Human females are thought to be born with all the primary gametes they will ever have.

Question 79

Which hormone released from the hypothalamus regulates gonad​ function?

Answer 79

​Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 80

What is unique about GnRH secretion patterns from the​ hypothalamus?

Answer 80

GnRH is secreted in a pulsatile manner.

Question 81

Testosterone are produced by the​ __________in testes

Answer 81

interstitial cells of Leydig

Question 82

In​ males, what is the target of​ FSH, and what effect does it​ have?

Answer 82

Sertoli​ cells; production of paracrine factors

Question 83

The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the​ __________ phase.

Answer 83

follicular

Question 84

What is the third phase of the ovarian cycle​ called, and what occurs during this​ time?

Answer 84

Luteal​ phase; transformation of a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum

Question 85

Which hormone is the most important regulator of endometrium proliferation during the follicular​ phase?

Answer 85

estrogen

Question 86

What causes the LH surge that occurs during the late follicular​ phase?

Answer 86

Increasing progesterone and high estrogen increase pituitary responsiveness to GnRH.

Question 87

The role of the corpus luteum is to secrete​ __________.

Answer 87

progesterone and estrogen

Question 88

In the follicular phase of the ovarian​ cycle, the ovary is

Answer 88

maturing a follicle.

Question 89

In the late follicular phase of the ovarian​ cycle, the level of LH secretion is​ ________ the level of FSH secretion.

Answer 89

greater than

Question 90

The enzyme responsible for converting androgens to estrogens is

Answer 90

aromatase

Question 91

To which method of contraception does a contraceptive sponge​ belong?

Answer 91

barrier