ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

branch of physiology that deals with the study of the endocrine system

Answer 1

endocrinology

Question 2

interacting group of glands that secrete hormones, helping to control functions of cells and organs throughout body

Answer 2

endocrine system

Question 3

substance or chemical mediator produced by the endocrine gland and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effects

Answer 3

hormone

Question 4

hormones may be classified as:

Answer 4

simple protein, glycoprotein, and steroids

Question 5

properties and functions of hormones:

Answer 5

• regulate, than initiate reactions
• effective in biocatalytic (complete) quantities
• not secreted in uniform rates
• inactivated rapidly at site of action or some other gland/organ
• transported to target organs

Question 6

bind specific hormone and directly/indirectly trigger a metabolic effect

Answer 6

hormone receptors

Question 7

called ductless glands bcs they have no ducts connecting them to specific body parts

Answer 7

endocrine organs

Question 8

main link between endocrine and nervous system; maintains homeostasis

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

under hypothalamus, at sphenoid bone called sella turcica that protects it from outside pressure

Answer 9

hypophysis or pituitary gland

Question 10

3 regions of hypophysis / pituitary gland:

Answer 10

adenohypophysis (anterior); neurohypophysis (posterior); pars intermedia (intermediate lobe)

Question 11

can make its own hormones

Answer 11

adenohypophysis / anterior lobe

Question 12

does not make its own hormones

Answer 12

neurohypophysis / posterior

Question 13

(secreted by anterior) promotes growth and cell reproduction

Answer 13

growth hormone / somatotropic hormone (STH)

Question 14

over secretion of GH / STH leads BEFORE puberty leads to

Answer 14

gigantism

Question 15

over secretion of GH / STH leads AFTER puberty leads to

Answer 15

acromegaly

Question 16

deficiency of GH / STH during growth development leads to

Answer 16

dwarfism

Question 17

(secreted by anterior) stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Answer 17

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 18

(secreted by anterior) stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones / normal functioning of thyroid gland

Answer 18

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 19

(secreted by anterior) stimulates milk secretion in lactating mammary glands

Answer 19

prolactin (PRL) or luteotropic hormone (LTH)

Question 20

(secreted by anterior) stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles; maintains integrity of seminiferous tubules, stimulates spermatogenesis

Answer 20

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 21

(secreted by anterior) stimulates ovulation of mature follicles; also called ICSH in male, stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig cells) to produce testosterone

Answer 21

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 22

poikilothermic vertebrates can rapidly adapt to color of bg over w/c they reside because of their ________

Answer 22

chromatophores

Question 23

the chromatophores of poikilotherms are (3):

Answer 23

xanthophores, iridophores, and melanophores

Question 24

(secreted by intermediate) stimulates dermal chromatophores of poikilothermic vertebrates to aggregate / disperse pigments, producing color change

Answer 24

melanocyte/melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH)

Question 25

(secreted by posterior) stimulates milk ejection; contraction of uterine muscles during birth

Answer 25

oxytocin

Question 26

(secreted by posterior) promotes water reabsorption in kidney tubules

Answer 26

vasopression / antidiuritic hormone (ADH)

Question 27

what happens when ADH is not neutralized or not released?

Answer 27

diuresis or excessive urination

Question 28

maintains level of metabolism in tissues that us optimal for normal thyroid function; produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Answer 28

thyroid gland

Question 29

(under thyroid gland) these increase the metabolic rate of the body

Answer 29

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 30

(under thyroid gland) deposits calcium from the blood to the bones, lowering blood calcium level

Answer 30

calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin

Question 31

in the case of iodide deficiency, the thyroid becomes large and is called ______

Answer 31

simple goiter

Question 32

located at duodenal loop of small intestine; both an endocrine and exocrine gland

Answer 32

pancreas (islets of langerhans)

Question 33

this ____ produced by ____ cells in pancreas increase blood glucose

Answer 33

glucagon; alpha cells

Question 34

this ____ produced by ____ cells in pancreas lowers blood glucose by facilitating entry into target cells

Answer 34

insulin; beta cells

Question 35

insulin excess causes ______; while insulin deficiency causes ______

Answer 35

excess = hypoglycemia; deficiency = diabetes mellitus

Question 36

glucagon deficiency causes _____; while excess makes _______

Answer 36

hypoglycemia; makes diabetes worse

Question 37

3rd hormone that plays a role in the regulation of islet cell secretion

Answer 37

somatostatin

Question 38

outer adrenal gland (cortex) secretes ______ that has 3 types of cells/zones that are:

Answer 38

steroid hormones; 1. zona glomerulosa; 2 and 3: zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

Question 39

zona glomerulosa secretes _______ that reabsorbs sodium in kidney tubules

Answer 39

aldosterone

Question 40

zona fasculata and zona reticularis both secrete _________ that are important for carbohydrate metabolism, mobilizes glucose

Answer 40

glucocorticoids

Question 41

inner adrenal gland (medulla) secrete ______ and ________

Answer 41

epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) - fight or flight / emergency hormones

Question 42

secreted by parathyroid gland (chief cells) that increases blood calcium by mobilizing it from the reserves

Answer 42

parathormone (PTH)

Question 43

2 types of cells under parathyroid gland

Answer 43

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Question 44

disorder that is characterized by failure of normal mineralization of bone in young or adults; due to lack of vitamin D

Answer 44

rickets / osteomalacia

Question 45

gonads (ovary) secrete this female sex hormone that is responsible for manifestation of secondary sex characters in females

Answer 45

estrogen

Question 46

gonads (ovary) secrete this hormone that maintains pregnancy

Answer 46

progesterone

Question 47

gonads (ovary) secrete this hormone that relaxes pubic ligaments, soften and enlarge the opening to the cervix during birth

Answer 47

relaxin

Question 48

gonads (testis) secrete this male sex hormone that is responsible for sex characters in males

Answer 48

testosterone / androgen