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Biology > Animal Physiology - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Animal Physiology - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

All invertebrates are __________.

A

ectotherms

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2
Q

Ectotherm body temperature and metabolic rate are ____________ correlated.

A

positively

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3
Q

Endotherm body temperature is relatively constant except for ______

A

when the environmental temperature is low, then metabolic rate will be high. (engaging homeostatic regulation)

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency of organisms to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite variable external conditions

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5
Q

Between a fish and the external environment, which has a greater fluctuation of oxygen concentration over time?

A

External environment

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6
Q

Homeostatic loop

A

way of controlling systems via feedback

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7
Q

Set point

A

the point at which homeostasis is set

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8
Q

The _______ feedback loop is the most common and it’s purpose is to _______ the variable ____ the setpoint.

A

Negative; return: to (restores homeostasis)

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9
Q

The _______ feedback loop is rare but effective and it’s purpose is to ________ the variable ____ the setpoint

A

positive; move; away from (disrupts homeostasis, establishes new setpoint or dynamic biological action)

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10
Q

_______: a collection of specialized cells of the same type that come together to function and focus on common cellular activity on a _______ scale.

A

Tissues; smaller

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11
Q

_______: are made of multiple tissues coming together and work on a _______ scale

A

organs; larger

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12
Q

________: series of connected but individual organs are coming together for a larger function

A

organ systems (ie: digestive)

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13
Q

Organ systems involved in control are:

A

nervous, endocrine

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14
Q

Organ systems involved in support and movement:

A

skeletal, muscular

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15
Q

_______ and ______ are other functions of organ systems

A

maintenance; reproduction

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16
Q

Body systems are _________

A

integrated

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17
Q

What are the components of body fluid?

A
  • intracellular fluid (ICF)
  • extracellular fluid (ECF)
  • in a dynamic state
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18
Q

Intracellular fluid?

A
  • is 40% of body weight
  • is the fluid inside the cytoplasm of cells
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19
Q

Extracellular fluid?

A
  • is 20% of body weight
  • is composed of blood plasma and interstitial fluid
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20
Q

Interstitial fluid?

A
  • 15% of body weight
  • is the fluid between the cells and the blood vessels
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21
Q

What does it mean that body fluid is in a dynamic state?

A

the 3 types of fluid (intracellular, interstitial, blood plasma) are in constant exchange

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22
Q

Adaptation

A

Evolution through natural selection which leads the organism to match the demands of its environment physiologically, anatomically and behaviorally - irreversible. (populations evolve, not individuals)

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23
Q

Acclimatization

A

persistent spectrum of changes due to prolonged exposure to naturally occurring environmental conditions - is reversible.

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24
Q

Acclimation

A

persistent spectrum of changes because of a long exposure to experimentally-induced environmental conditions - is reversible. (only 1 variable changed, temp?)

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25
Q

Variables with relative stability?

A
  • temperature (endotherms!)
  • [O2] [CO2]
  • ECF volume and pressure
  • nutrients
  • waste products
  • water, salts
  • pH
  • fertility
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26
Q

________ conform within the environmental temperature

A

ectotherms

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27
Q

line of conformity

A

a 1:1 relationship between variables

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28
Q

Zone of stability

A

where homeostasis is maintained

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29
Q

What can thermal classification of animals be based on?

A
  • source of body heat
  • nature of their body temperature (Tb) relative to the environment (Te)
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30
Q

ectotherms

A

obtain heat from the external environment

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31
Q

endotherms

A

produce heat metabolically or actively radiate heat

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32
Q

heterotherms

A

show characteristics of both an ectotherm and an endotherm

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33
Q

Poikilotherms

A

variable internal body temperatures that fall within a wide range of environmental temperatures; also wide homeostatic range for body temperatures.

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34
Q

Homeotherms

A

maintain constant body temperatures with narrow homeostatic range for body temperature.

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35
Q

Heterotherms

A

can switch between homeo- and poikilotherm

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36
Q

Homeostatic range

A

the range between low and high body temperature levels - the normal range that sustains life

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37
Q

Some major differences between ecto- and endotherms

A
  • resting metabolic rate (endotherms ^ @low temp)
  • total energy expenditure at rest
  • response to changes in temperature
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38
Q

A(n) _________ increases its metabolic rate to maintain its body temperature in cold conditions

A

endotherm

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39
Q

Between endo- and ectotherms, which type spends more metabolic energy?

A

Endotherms across almost all temperatures.

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40
Q

What is true for endo-, ecto-, and heterotherms?

A

they can use behavior to influence body temperature and metabolic rate

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41
Q

Examples of behavioral thermoregulation

A
  • a lizard maintaining a specific body temperature in the day and night by its location
  • an elephant splashing water over itself to release heat faster
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42
Q

_________ metabolic rate _______ with increasing body size

A

unscaled; increases

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43
Q

Metabolic rate =

A

0.1M^(3/4)

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44
Q

Mass vs. metabolic rate graph is a ______ _______, which means:

A

biological truism; the relationship stays constant across organisms in species

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45
Q

_____ -specific metabolic rates are highest in _____ endotherms

A

Mass; small

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46
Q

A mouse will…in comparison to an elephant

A

burn through energy more quickly to maintain temperature. It is losing heat every second

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47
Q

What is the significance of being able to fly?

A

A bird can find new niches to hunt/mate/live instead of being constrained to travel on foot like a t-rex

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48
Q

freshwater aquatic invertebrates are important…(hint: relates to pH)

A

bioindicators of environmental health

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49
Q

The _____ is very sensitive to acidic conditions, this organism will tell us early of a change in _____.

A

midge; pH

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50
Q

At rest, what is the extracellular and intracellular concentration of potassium. This favors…

A

5 mM; 148 mM; efflux from the cell

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51
Q

At rest, what is the extracellular and intracellular concentration of sodium, this favors..

A

142 mM; 10mM; influx into the cell

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52
Q

At rest, calcium concentration favors ______.

A

influx

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53
Q

At rest, Chloride concentration favors _______.

A

influx

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54
Q

How to calculate change in concentration

A

the difference in concentration:
out-in across the membrane for a specific ion/solute

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55
Q

electrochemical equilibrium influenced by

A
  • degree of membrane permeability to ions and water
  • membrane impermeability to large charged molecules (ex: anions)
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56
Q

What will happen if impermeable anions (A-) are added to one side of the membrane

A
  • the electrochemical equilibrium of each ion species changes.
  • There will be more negatively charged ions on the outside of the cell.
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57
Q

The inside of the cell is generally _____, so K+ movement is _______.

A

negative; restricted to keep negative charges from being too great

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58
Q

Partition coefficient is measured by

A

K = [solute] lipid/ [solute] water

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59
Q

If K is high, what does it mean?

A

The solute is more permeable across the cell membrane

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60
Q

Partition coefficient measures

A

the membrane permeability of a non-electrolyte based on if it can cross a membrane (dissolve and diffuse)

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61
Q

Permeability constant across a membrane is directly related to

A

K, so P is dependent on K.

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62
Q

Dm is

A

diffusion coefficient of solute (rate of diffusion substance through membrane)

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63
Q

x is

A

diffusion distance

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64
Q

If x is high, P will be

A

low

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65
Q

If P is high, K is

A

high

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66
Q

if Dm is high, P will be

A

high

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67
Q

Fick’s diffusion equation is

A

J = dQs/dt, the rate of diffusion by the quantity [Q] of solute [s] diffusing per unit time

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68
Q

Fick’s law is

A

Diffusion rate (J) is directly proportional to change in concentration gradient (deltaC s) x total diffusional surface area (SA) x solubility of substance (S s) / diffusion distance (X) x the sqrt of molecular weight (MW s)

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69
Q

If MW goes up, J will

A

go down (inversely related)

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70
Q

if deltaC s goes up, J will

A

go up (deltaC s = concentration gradient of substance; difference between C1 and C2 across the membrane) (directly related)

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71
Q

if A goes up, J will

A

go up (directly related)

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72
Q

If X goes up, J will

A

go down (inversely related) (X = diffusion distance or membrane thickness)

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73
Q

If S s goes down, J will go

A

down (S s = solubility of the substance, molecule or ion)

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74
Q

If J goes down, what will happen to each component

A

sqrt of MW up, X up, SA down, S s down, deltaC s down

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75
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a more concentrated solution

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76
Q

Solutes exert ________ ______: a force that _____ water _____ the cell, based on ____ ___

A

osmotic pressure; draws; into; concentration differences

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77
Q

fluid exerts ______ ______: a force that _____ water _____ the cell, based on _____ ______.

A

hydrostatic pressure; pushes; out of; pressure differences

78
Q

Hydrostatic force

A

the force exerted by the fluid per unit area of the contact surface

79
Q

What does [A-] mean when looking at it with other concentrations

A

the molar equivalent of negative charges carried by other molecules and ions

80
Q

Donnan equilibrium

A

when the ion concentration is equal between the inside and outside of the cell

81
Q

T/F: the cell is in Donnan equilibrium

A

False, the charges must be unequal to balance other charges present in the cell.

82
Q

Living cells are at a _____ _____, not equilibrium because energy is ________ for maintenance

A

steady state; required

83
Q

Cells ______ regulate their intracellular volume

A

dynamically

84
Q

What will happen if Na+ levels are not maintained at equilibrium because of some metabolic inhibitor added

A

the cell will no longer be able to pump Na+ out, this means that water will influx via osmotic pressure which increases cell volume and eventually this will cause the cell to burst

85
Q

Leaky membrane channels are

A

always open

86
Q

An example of a resting channel

A

a resting K+ channel is always open, so K+ is constantly lost

87
Q

Gated membrane channels are

A

open only under specific conditions

88
Q

A voltage-gated channel is

A

a channel that opens (briefly) in response to change in the membrane potential (in volts)

89
Q

A ligand-gated channel is

A

a channel that opens (closes) in response to a specific extracellular neurotransmitter

90
Q

A signal-gated channel

A

a channel that opens (closes) in response to a specific intracellular molecule

91
Q

A mechanically-gated channel

A

a channel that opens when there is applied pressure from the environment

92
Q

What transports polar molecules (like glucose/amino acids) across membranes

A

Carriers

93
Q

Carriers are _____ ______ that possess a _____ _____ for the molecules or ions being transported. This is NOT a ______.

A

specific proteins; binding site; channel

94
Q

Carriers can be ________ because there is a ______ amount in the cell membrane

A

saturated; limited

95
Q

Uniporters

A

can only flux one molecule or ion

96
Q

Coupled transporters

A

flux of more than one molecule/ion: symporter or antiporter

97
Q

symporters

A

unidirectional

98
Q

antiporters

A

bidirectional (both molecules/ions must be present to work)

99
Q

Uniporters, symporters and antiporters are(hint: type of transport)

A

types of facilitated transport because there is a protein present

100
Q

Passive diffusion through a membrane looks like what on a graph?

A

a straight, positive linear line that changes in height of slope based on membrane permeability

101
Q

Passive transport through channels looks like what on a graph?

A

a straight, positive linear line that levels at close to end of the height of extracellular concentration of the substrate

102
Q

Carrier-mediated transport (passive or active) looks like

A

A straight, positive linear line that levels out much faster, which tells us that there are a limited number of carriers available in the membrane and they will be become saturated at a certain point

103
Q

Vmax is

A

when the rate of diffusion reaches its maximum

104
Q

Channels are

A

selective for their ions

105
Q

An ion with a large radius has a

A

low strength of hydration shield

106
Q

channels are selective based on

A
  • size of the ion (must be the right size to remove H2O molecules attached-takes energy to remove H2O)
  • charge of the ion (to cause conformational change when it binds to the carbonyl on the a-helices in the channel)
107
Q

A channel/carrier reduces energy of activation (deltaG) for diffusion with:

A
  • creating a aqueous (hydrophobic) environment within the membrane for the solute
  • promotion of dehydration (loss of H2O) with the solute binding to the amino acid side chains (helps ion pass through narrow channel IF right size)
108
Q

An ion with a small radius, like Na+, has a

A

stronger hydration shield

109
Q

Epithelial tissues are

A
  • semi-permeable tissue
  • a selective barrier between outside environment and inside of body
  • composed of sheets of epithelial cells connected via tight junctions
  • line cavities + hollow organs (like small intestines)
110
Q

Epithelial tissues do form _____ which affects the _______/________ of _________, ________ and _____

A

barriers; transport/movement; water, solutes; cells

111
Q

What part of the digestive system has the most carriers?

A

the small intestines

112
Q

_______ _____ facilitate regulation of substance flux across body compartments

A

epithelial tissues

113
Q

The _____ ______ in epithelial cells limit __________ path

A

tight junctions; paracellular

114
Q

_________ path of ______/________ substances is ________ by the type of transporters in the membranes of the cells

A

transcellular; ionic/hydrophobic; regulated

115
Q

In what direction does current in (frog) skin move?

A

+ to -

116
Q

What is an example of charge moving transcellularly

A

Na+ passively and slowly moves into a cell from the external environment, this means through the active transport pump (ATP), cells will be pushing Na+ out the epithelial cell into the interior of the body. This allows for net movement of sodium into the body.

117
Q

transcellular movement/path

A

when there is selective transport through the cell. Occur through membrane-bound proteins on the cell.

118
Q

paracellular movement/path

A

where substances move through the space between two cells. Depends on how tight the junctions are.

119
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy to move substances against an electrochemical gradient

120
Q

Active transport can be in ______ directions and it can transport _____ molecule (s)/ion (s)

A

either or both; one or more

121
Q

________ active transport ______ direct participation of ______

A

primary; requires; ATP

122
Q

_________ active transport (_________): energy comes from a _______ __________ gradient that is established by:

A

secondary; cotransport; ion concentration; primary active transport

123
Q

What is the most important protein in physiology

A

the Na+-K+ ATPase transporter

124
Q

T/F: the Na+-K+ pump is found in all animal cells

A

true

125
Q

T/F: the Na+-K+ pump is a symporter

A

False, an antiporter

126
Q

what role does Na/K ATPase play in Na+ ion gradient in the cell?

A

balances rate of active transport of Na+ with Na+ leak

127
Q

What happens to Na/K ATPase if the cell is metabolically blocked

A

it is inhibited

128
Q

The potent neurotoxin on the newt’s skin is

A

tetrodotoxin

129
Q

the Na+/K+ pump facilitates ________ separation of cell membrane. it also _______ different [__] and [___] across the plasma membrane

A

charge; restores; K+; Na+

130
Q

Once ______ ______ ______ uses _____ to create ion gradients; other _______ can then be transported ________ with the ion, _______ the _______ concentration gradient

A

primary active transport; ATP; substrates; secondarily; AGAINST; substrate’s

131
Q

Co-transport with Na+ renders:

A

substrate transport against its concentration gradient energetically favorable

132
Q

T/F: other solutes can drive secondary active transport

A

True

133
Q

Neurons are _____ cells

A

excitable

134
Q

_______/_______ potentials are present and can ______ changes in cellular activity

A

electrical; chemical; enable

135
Q

Application of ______ _____ to any cell will affect its activity

A

electrical stimulation

136
Q

the receiving end of the neuron contains

A

the dendrites

137
Q

where does the 1st change in membrane charge occur?

A

in the dendrites

138
Q

what is part of integration in a neuron?

A

dendrites to the axon hillock

139
Q

what is part of the spike initiation in a neuron?

A

the axon hillock

140
Q

what is part of the impulse conduction of the neuron?

A

the axon (myelin sheath) until the axon terminals

141
Q

the axon terminals are involved in:

A

transmitter secretion/release

142
Q

Dendrite to the end of myelin sheath is:

A

electrical signals

143
Q

axon terminals convert into

A

chemical signals

144
Q

Neurons ________ to form ______ (simple or complex) to _______ signals throughout body

A

connected; circuits; transmit

145
Q

neurons are

A

conductive
can be stimulated with a completed circuit and a stimulus

146
Q

The cell’s membrane potential is denoted by:

A

the type of charge that is lining up next to the membrane. On the outside, positive charges are gathering, on the inside, negative charges are gathering

147
Q

Voltage difference (Vm) is _____ _____ across the membrane

A

relatively stable and negative

148
Q

another name for this relatively stable voltage reflecting cell’s inactive state is:

A

the resting potential

149
Q

Vm quantitatively dependent on:

A
  • different ion concentrations inside and outside the cell
  • selective permeability of ion channels
150
Q

What will happen across a cell membrane only permeable to K+ if K+ concentrations are equal?

A

there will be no net current (=movement)

151
Q

with _______ concentration, ____+ current (_____) formed

A

unequal; K; flux

152
Q

Loss of + charge across membrane?

A
  • charge inequity across membrane that creates electromotive force (emf) opposite conc. gradient
153
Q

large enough emf?

A

K+ movement stops, with unequal concentrations still and equilibrium potential (mV) established for K+
- this is when the electrical gradient and concentration gradient are equal in magnitude

154
Q

What is the equation for the equilibrium potential for a specific ion?

A

E ion = 58 or 62/Z times log ([ion]out/[ion]in)

155
Q

58 in nernst is

A

room temp

156
Q

62 in nernst is

A

body temp

157
Q

T/F: the membrane is equally permeable to all ion species

A

False

158
Q

T/F: nernst does take permeability into account

A

False

159
Q

What will happen if there is high K+ concentration outside the cell

A

diffusion will decrease
K+ will begin to influx
this is not normal cell behavior

160
Q

What does the Goldman equation take into account?

A

It takes into account the permeability of each ion in addition to each ions deltaC

161
Q

What is the Goldman equation

A

Em (membrane potential) = 58 or 62 times log (PK+ [K+]out/PK+[K+]in) + (PNa+[Na+]out/PNa+[Na+]in) + (PCl-[Cl-]in/PCl-[Cl-]out)

162
Q

PK+ at rest?

A

100

163
Q

PNa+ at rest?

A

3

164
Q

PCl- at rest?

A

10

165
Q

At cell birth, what is the cells membrane potential?

A

the cells membrane potential is very negative and it will attract K+ because it is already losing K+ through passive diffusion

166
Q

What happens if a cell is too negative?

A

it will resist work

167
Q

The cell is continually losing ______ charged ions, __+, which generates a ________ charged internal electrical gradient

A

positively; K+; negatively

168
Q

what other ion can move through leaky K+ channels down it’s own electrochemical gradient to help offset the highly negative intercellular charge

A

Na+

169
Q

Voltage is equal to

A

current times resistance

170
Q

Passive electrical response

A

a shift in membrane potential produced when an electrical current is applied to and flows across the cell membrane
- slow, smooth changes

171
Q

What is happening in the membrane during passive electrical responses

A
  • no ion channels open or close
  • ionic current occurring through K+ channels (static)
  • resting K+ channels always open in the membrane
172
Q

hyperpolarize

A

cell’s potential becomes more negative relative to resting

173
Q

depolarize

A

cell’s potential becomes more positive relative to resting

174
Q

Current moving upward is _____ ___ a cell

A

efflux out of

175
Q

Current moving downward is ___ ___ a cell

A

influx into

176
Q

The membrane operates as a ______ ______ to yield ______ membrane properties

A

simple; circuit; passive

177
Q

Ic is

A
  • Capacitative current as a stored potential across only phospholipids
  • builds rapidly + 1st then discharges
178
Q

Ir is

A

resistive current through ion channels only
- fewer channels than membrane SA so more limited
- can be rapid based on channel type

179
Q

delta Vm is

A

membrane potential = change in current times resistance present

180
Q

Resistance is ______ affected by membrane permeability

A

directly

181
Q

Capacitors _____ charges

A

store

182
Q

conductors _____charges

A

move

183
Q

Membrane conductance is a measure of what

A

The movement of charge across the membrane

184
Q

Conductance is _______ to permeability because it is determined by ______ and their _______

A

unequal; ions; concentration

185
Q

Resistance (R) is equal to

A

1 over conductance (G)
- conductance and resistance are inversely related

186
Q

High conductance yields a

A

weakly resistive membrane (can’t store charge, very low potential)

187
Q

Resistance _____ flow of current

A

hinders

188
Q

increased delta C means _________ resistance

A

decreased

189
Q

a small separation of charges across a membrane means

A

increased resistance

190
Q

an increase Resistance means

A

a decreased cross-sectional area (# of open channels)

191
Q

increased distance (x) traversed by current (membrane thickness) means

A

increased R

192
Q
A

Biology (4 decks)

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