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Gen biology 1 (st. vincent) > animal physiology (responding to stimuli) > Flashcards

animal physiology (responding to stimuli) Flashcards

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1
Q

what challenge to animals must respond to both internal and external stimuli? and why?

A

homeostasis

to maintain protein/enzyme functions and maintain metabolism

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2
Q

what is homeostasis

A

ability to respond and react to maintain internal conditions

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3
Q

what are the 3 important conditions in the environment for cellular function?

A
  1. Proper fluidity of plasma membrane
  2. Confirmation of protein structure
  3. Composition of the cytoplasm
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4
Q

what 5 factors can change?

A
  1. Body temperature
  2. Concentrations of O2 and CO2
  3. pH
  4. Ion concentration
  5. Glucose
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5
Q

what are 5 contributions of the organ systems to homeostasis?

A
  1. Respiratory & Cardiovascular
  2. Respiratory, Cardiovascular & Renal
  3. Renal
  4. Gastrointestinal & Liver
  5. Endocrine & Nervous
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6
Q

how does Respiratory & Cardiovascular contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulate ECF [O2], [CO2]

amount of O2 changes

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7
Q

how does Respiratory, Cardiovascular & Renal contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulate ECF pH

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8
Q

how does Renal contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulates ionic composition and ECF osmolarity

ion concentration/osmosis

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9
Q

how does Gastrointestinal & Liver contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulate nutrient availability

blood sugar

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10
Q

how does Endocrine & Nervous contribute to homeostasis?

A

integrate and coordinate all of the above

regulates bodies homeostatic conditions

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11
Q

How will an animal body know there is a change away from the normal set-point? what two things are needed and what does this allow?

A
  1. A monitor must be in place that detects change
  2. The monitor must also be linked to a means to influence the system
    This detection and influence to adjust is an animal’s ability to respond
    some animals are better equipped than others
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12
Q

What are the two mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis?

A
  1. Negative feedback

2. Positive feedback

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13
Q

what is Negative feedback?

A

maintenance of set/’fixed’ conditions

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14
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

bringing homeostasis back to normal

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15
Q

In order for feedback to work it must have a means to monitor conditions, what does it need?

A

Specialized receptors

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16
Q

what are two kinds of Specialized receptors?

A
  1. Exteroceptors

2. Interoceptors

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17
Q

what are Exteroceptors?

A

External Environment, Five Senses

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18
Q

what are Interoceptors?

A

Within the Body
Limb Position
Body Temperature
Blood Pressure

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19
Q

what are 4 types of sensory receptors?

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A
  1. Chemoreceptors
  2. Photoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors
  4. Thermoreceptors
20
Q

what are Chemoreceptors? and what is a specific type of chemoreceptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

respond to nearby chemicals

specific type- Nociceptors

21
Q

what are Photoreceptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

respond to light energy

22
Q

what are Mechanoreceptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

respond to mechanical forces such as pressure

23
Q

what are Thermoreceptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

stimulated by temperature changes

24
Q

what are Nociceptors?

Study These Flashcards
A

(pain receptors) – chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue

25
what are two main divisions of Vertebrate Neuromuscular 
System?
1. Central nervous system (CNS) | 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
26
what does the Central nervous system (CNS) consist of ?
Brain and spinal cord
27
what does the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?
Nerves and ganglia (collections of 
cell bodies)
28
what three components make up the Neuron structure?
1. Cell body 2. Dendrites 3. Axon
29
what is the Cell body of a neuron?
main cell 
where nucleus and most 
organelles reside
30
what is the Dendrites of a neuron?
many short 
extensions that carry 
impulses to a cell body- they take information in
31
what is the Axon of a neuron?
(nerve fiber) – single, 
long extension that carries 
impulses away from the 
cell body- carries info away from cell
32
what are Axon terminals within a neuron?
ends of the 
neuron which will transmit 
signal to other neurons branches into a series of additional terminals
33
what is the Synapse within a neuron?
location where axon 
terminals of one neuron will 
meet the dendrites of the next 
neuron- they excite the next cell because terminals don't touch
34
what are unipolar neurons?
1 large axon, specialized and strong- they relay informations and send it away
35
what are bipolar neurons?
inside the central nervous system- they interpret information and sends info via axon
36
what are multipolar neurons?
interacts with sensors
37
what are three types of neurons?
1. Sensory (unipolar) 2. Interneuron (bipolar) 3. Motor (multicellular)
38
what are Sensory (unipolar) neurons?
takes impulses from sensory 
receptor to CNS
39
what are Interneuron (bipolar) neurons?
receives information in the 
CNS and sends it to a motor neuron
40
what are Motor (multicellular) neurons?
takes impulses from the CNS to an 
effector (i.e., gland or muscle fiber)
41
what are the 4 functions of neurons?
1. Collect information 2. Make decisions about the information 3. Transmit the information 4. Transfer information
42
what does the Collect information function of a neuron do?
Receive information from external/internal environment or other nerve cells
43
what does the Making decisions about the information function of a neuron do?
Integrate information and 
decide not to pass on 
information or produce an 
output signal
44
what does the Transmitting of the information function of a neuron do?
Produce and conduct the signal (electrochemically)
45
what does the Transferring of information function of a neuron do?
Transmit the signal to other nerve cells, glands, muscles, etc.

Gen biology 1 (st. vincent) (12 decks)

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