Animal Production Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
means to adapt the behavior of an animal to fit the needs of people.
A
Domesticate
2
Q
began when early humans had contact with wild animals, which they hunted for food and skins.
A
domestication of animals
3
Q
supplied a surer source of food and clothing.
A
Domesticated animals
4
Q
Scientific name of cattle with humps
A
Bos indicus
5
Q
Scientific name of cattle with no humps
A
Bot taurus
6
Q
Scientific name of domesticated swine
A
Sus scrofa domestica
7
Q
Scientific name of wild swine
A
Sus scrofa
8
Q
Scientific name of sheep
A
Ovis aries
9
Q
Scientific name of goat
A
Capra hircus
10
Q
Scientific name of domesticated chicken
A
Gallus domesticus
11
Q
Scientific name of wild chicken
A
Gallus gallus
12
Q
Scientific name of domesticated horse
A
Equus caballus
13
Q
Scientific name of wild horse
A
Equus ferus
14
Q
Intact male bovine
A
Bull
15
Q
Young bovine
A
Calf
16
Q
female bovine that has had a calf
A
Cow
17
Q
female bovine that has not had a calf
A
Heifer
18
Q
Castrated male bovine
A
Steer
19
Q
Castrated bull
A
Ox
20
Q
Intact male pig
A
Boar
21
Q
Female pig
A
Sow
22
Q
female pig that has not produced a litter of piglets yet
A
Gilt
23
Q
castrated male pig
A
Barrow
24
Q
male sheep is called?
A
Ram
25
slang term for ram
Buck
26
female sheep is called
Ewe
27
slang term for ewe
Yoe
28
castrated male sheep and goat is called?
Wether
29
A male goat
Buck
30
Slang term for Buck
Billy
31
a female goat
Doe
32
Slang term for Doe
Nanny
33
Male chicken that is under a year old
Cockerel
34
Female chicken that is under a year old
Pullet
35
Male chicken that is a year or older
Cock
36
Female chicken that is a year or older
Hen
37
A male chicken (includes cock and cockerel)
Rooster
38
Castrated Male chicken
Capon
39
Castrated Female chicken
Poulard
40
a female horse
Mare
41
a male horse
Stallion
42
a female horse or pony under 4 years of age
Filly
43
A male horse or pony under 4 years of age that has not been gelded
Colt
44
castrated male horse
Gelding
45
Technical Terms for Meat cattle
Beef
46
Technical Terms for Meat of young bovine
Veal
47
Technical Terms for Meat of swine
Pork
48
Technical Terms for Meat of sheep
Mutton
49
Technical Terms for Meat of young sheep
Lamb
50
Technical Terms for Meat of chicken
Chicken
51
Technical Terms for Meat of goat
Chevon
52
Technical Terms for Meat of horse
Chevaline
53
A young female calf
Heifer calf
54
A young male calf
Bull calf
55
Young swine
Piglet
56
is a piglet fed on its mother's milk
suckling pig
57
Young female lamb
Ewe lamb
58
Young male lamb
Ram lamb
59
young male goat less than a year old
Buckling
60
Young chicken
Chick
61
Young horse
Foal
62
is the stage when an animal becomes sexually mature and can reproduce.
Puberty age
63
reach puberty later than crossbreeds cattle
Pure breeds cattle
64
Puberty on cattle occurs at what percentage of adult body weight.
55%-60%
65
What season heifers reach puberty earlier
Autumn
66
Puberty age of swine
+- 5 months
67
Puberty age of sheep
5 to 12 months
68
They mature earlier than multiple-born lambs
Single-born lambs
69
They were reach puberty earlier than fall-born lambs
Spring-born lambs
70
Age of puberty for horse
12 to 15 months
71
Puberty age of chicken
16 to 24 weeks
72
is when a female animal is ready to mate and can become pregnant.
The oestrus period, or "heat,"
73
is the regular pattern of hormonal changes that prepare the female’s body for pregnancy and includes the oestrus period
oestrus cycle
74
Oestrus cycle of cattle lasts about?
21 days
75
helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy and stops other follicles from developing.
Progesterone
76
What hormone surge triggers ovulation
Luteinizing hormone
77
When progesterone drops, new ? grow, causing increased estrogen and estrus.
follicles
78
if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum continues producing?
progesterone
79
Oestrus cycle length of swine?
Approximately 21 days
80
Which phase of the estrous cycle in swine corresponds to these key events?
▪ Follicle development
▪ Estrogen increase
Proesteus phaes
81
Which phase of the estrous cycle in swine corresponds to these key events?
▪ Increased restlessness
▪ Vocalization
▪ Standing heat (receptive to mating)
Oestrus phase
82
Which phase of the estrous cycle in swine corresponds to these key events?
▪ Follicle rupture
▪ Corpus luteum formation
▪ Progesterone production
Metestrus phase
83
Which phase of the estrous cycle in swine corresponds to these key events?
▪ Continued progesterone production
▪ Maintenance of pregnancy (if fertilization occurs)
Diestrus phase
84
Which phase of the estrous cycle in sheep and goats corresponds to these key events?
Duration: ~2 days
o Hormonal preparation for ovulation
Proestus phase
85
Which phase of the estrous cycle in sheep and goats corresponds to these key events?
Duration: 24-36 hours
o Ewe is sexually receptive
o Behavioral signs: Increased vocalization, restlessness
Oestrus phase
86
Which phase of the estrous cycle in sheep and goats corresponds to these key events?
Duration: ~2-3 days
o Transition from ovulation to preparation for pregnancy
Metestrus phase
87
Which phase of the estrous cycle in sheep and goats corresponds to these key events?
Duration: ~10-12 days
o Hormonal changes to support pregnancy or reset cycle
Diestrus phase
88
Breeding Season of sheep
August to December
89
Which phase of the estrous cycle in sheep and goats corresponds to these key events?
• Occurs outside the breeding season
• Period of reproductive inactivity
Anestrus phase
90
Breeding season of goat
September to February
91
Oestrus cycle of horse
18 to 24 days
92
Which phase of the estrous cycle in horse corresponds to these key events?
Duration: 5-7 days
• Hormones: Peak estrogen levels
• Signs: Full sexual receptivity, relaxed vulva, increased vocalization, standing to be mounted
Oestrus phase
93
Which phase of the estrous cycle in horse corresponds to these key events?
Duration: 2-3 days
• Hormones: Rising estrogen levels
• Signs: Early signs of heat, increased interest in stallions
Proestrus phase
94
Which phase of the estrous cycle in horse corresponds to these key events?
Duration: 2-3 days
• Hormones: Rising progesterone levels
• Signs: Decreased interest in stallions, reduced sexual behavior
Metestrus phase
95
Which phase of the estrous cycle in horse corresponds to these key events?
Duration: 14-15 days
• Hormones: High progesterone levels
• Signs: No signs of heat, less interest in stallions
Diestrus phase
96
Breeding season of horse
Spring to late autumn
97
do not have a traditional estrous cycle
Chickens
98
Reproductive activity of chicken is controlled by environmental factors like?
light and hormonal changes
99
The amount of daylight chickens receives
Photoperiod
100
Ideal Light Exposure of Chickens
14-16 hours of light daily
101
Oviposition (Egg Laying): Chickens lay eggs every?
24-26 hours
102
This phase in egg laying can happen due to stress, nutrition, or light changes
Periodic breaks
103
Annual process where chickens shed and regrow feathers
Molting
104
usually stops during molting
Egg laying
105
When a hen wants to incubate eggs and hatch chicks
Broodiness
106
They stops laying eggs and stays on the nest
broody hen
107
After broodiness, hens generally return to?
laying eggs
108
can reduce broodiness of chickens
Removing eggs or altering the environment
109
functions of ? are a vital
part of the total agriculture of a nation.
livestock
110
They convert feed grains and roughages into food for human consumption.
Livestock
111
such as swine and poultry are fed large amounts of grain because they cannot use much roughage in their diet.
Nonruminant animals
112
What percentage of the feed fed to swine and poultry in the United States consists of fish meal, meat and bone meal, milling and fermentation by-products, and tankage.
about 30 percent
113
Meal, meat and bone meal, milling and fermentation by-products, and tankage. These are feeds that generally cannot be used directly by ? for food.
humans
114
are animals of the suborder Ruminantia of the order Artiodactyla that have a stomach that is divided into several compartments. These animals regurgitate and masticate their feed aft er they swallow it.
Ruminants
115
Animals in the subdivision of ? have a three-compartment stomach. Typical animals found in this subdivision include camels, llamas, and alpacas.
Tylopoda
116
Animals in the subdivision of have a four-compartment stomach.
Pecora
117
are referred to as true ruminants.
Pecora
118
The largest of the compartments in true ruminants is the ?, contains microorganisms that allow ruminants to digest many kinds of feed that non-ruminant animals cannot use eff ectively
Rumen
119
are important because they have the ability to convert large quantities of materials that cannot be used directly for human food into human food
Ruminants
120
from a number of agricultural industries can be used as feed for ruminants. Examples include waste products from fruit and vegetable farming, citrus processing, sugar manufacturing, milling, and cotton ginning.
Waste products
121
are important sources of nutrients in the average human diet in the United States.
Animal products (ruminant and nonruminant combined)
122
The most important livestock sources of protein and energy for human consumption are?
swine, beef, poultry, and sheep
123
are oil-based and the price of oil has risen dramatically in recent years
Most synthetic fibers
124
Livestock provide fiber and skins for the production of?
clothing
125
is used for shoes, belts, gloves, and clothing, as well as for other products used by humans
Leather
126
has some characteristics that make it superior to synthetics for the production of clothing. It can allow air to pass through, is more durable, and is warmer than clothing made from synthetics.
Leather
127
What used to be a major source of power for humans?
Animals
128
In some parts of the world, what still provides much of the power used by humans?
Animals
129
What is now provided by other sources, leading to a decline in animal use?
Power
130
is a major source of recreation for many people today
Horseback riding
131
is also a popular sport for recreation
Racing
132
Livestock shows and fairs provide recreation for many people, both as?
exhibitors and spectators
133
They help to conserve soil and soil fertility
Livestock
134
The grasses and legumes that are used for livestock feed are?
soil-conserving crops
135
form protective covers on the land and help to prevent wind and water erosion
soil-conserving crops
136
are removed from the soil by the crops being grown.
Nutrients
137
When soil-conserving crops are fed to livestock, about 80 percent of the nutrient value is excreted in the?
manure
138
can also be used as a fuel source.
Animal manure
139
In many parts of the world, what is burned as a fuel for cooking and to heat homes.
dried animal manure
140
can be used as a raw material in methane gas digesters
Animal manures
141
The use of methane gas converters has increased worldwide as a result of the energy crisis brought about by?
higher oil prices
142
Fuel for the electricity, cooking, and heating needs of an average U. S. farm could be supplied by the manure from about how many cows?
40 cows
143
help bring stability to the farm business.
Livestock
144
is not dependent on only one or two sources of income.
farmer
145
It costs a lot of money to transport ? such as hay.
bulky feeds
146
Livestock convert bulky feeds into a more?
concentrated form
147
Any product from the animal carcass, other than meat, is called?
by-product
148
Edible by-products that come from animals include variety meats such as?
brains, tongue, kidneys, and heart
149
which comes from the fat in the animal carcass, is used in the manufacture of candy and gum
Oleo stearine
150
They produce gelatin, which is used in the production of gelatin desserts, marshmallows, canned meats, and ice cream.
Hooves, horns, bones, and hides
151
used in the manufacture of leather goods are the most important of the inedible by-products that come from animals.
Hides
152
This type of by-product are used in the production of cosmetics, waxes, soap, lubricants, and printing ink
inedible fats
153
These by-products are also used in the production of glue, buttons, bone china, camera film, sandpaper, dice, piano keys, wallpaper, and toothbrushes.
Bones, horns, and hooves
154
from animal hides is used in making brushes, rug padding, house insulation, and upholstering materials for furniture.
Hair
155
Artists’ paintbrushes are made from the fine hair found in the ? of animals.
ears
156
is extracted from the pancreas of animals and is used in the treatment of diabetes
Insulin
157
comes from the adrenal glands and is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, adrenal insufficiency, some allergies, diseases of the connective tissues, and gout
Cortisone
158
comes from the blood of animals and is a coagulant used in surgery to help make blood clot. It is also used in skin-graft operations and for the treatment of ulcers.
Thrombin
159
comes from the lungs and is used to prevent blood clotting during operations. It also helps prevent heart attacks.
Heparin
160
comes from the adrenal glands. It is used for the treatment of some kinds of allergies and to help relieve the symptoms of hay fever and asthma
Epinephrine
161
comes from the stomachs of cattle and is used in cheese making.
Rennet
162
comes from the pituitary glands in the brain. It is used for the treatment of some breathing problems, severe allergies, mononucleosis, and leukemia.
Corticotropin (ACTH)
163
are also used in the manufacture of perfumes, fertilizers, candles, lanolin, and glycerine, as well as many other products.
By-products
164
The demand for beef has been ? over time
decreasing
165
the consumption of chicken and turkey has?
increased
166
Consumption of eggs has begun to trend ? in recent years
upward
167
Consumption of eggs has begun to trend upward in recent years and the consumption of dairy products has continued to?
decline
168
have conducted marketing campaigns financed by check-off programs based on producer sales of animals and milk to attempt to increase market share for their particular product.
Producer organizations
169
have also been influenced by more food consumption away from home and an increase in demand for meals that are quick and easy to fix in the home.
Eating habits
170
They are concerned about food safety and nutrition.
Consumers
171
are a source of cholesterol in the diet.
Milk and animal fats
172
The use of animal fats has declined significantly since?
1967
173
which are seen as having less cholesterol, has risen rapidly
vegetable fats
174
are products used in livestock and poultry production to control or prevent disease, enhance growth, or improve feed efficiency.
Feed additives
175
The total value of agricultural products sold from farms in the United States in 2005 was more than?
239 billion dollars
176
This animal health product include vaccines, bacterins, and antitoxins.
Biologicals
177
include medicines used in disease control and prevention.
Pharmaceuticals
178
Cattle were probably tamed early in the what age
Neolithic (New Stone) Age.
179
The first people to tame swine were?
Chinese
180
were among the first animals tamed by the human race. They were first tamed during the early Neolithic age
Sheep
181
They may have been the first tamed animals in Western Asia.
Goats
182
found on western ranges are the descendants of these tamed horses.
Wild horses
183
may have been the early ancestor of most tame chickens
wild jungle fowl of India (Gallus gallus)
184
was probably tamed by the people originally living in America.
turkey
185
They are descendants of Bos taurus and Bos indicus.
Modern cattle
186
are domestic cattle that came from either the Aurochs or the Celtic Shorthorn.
Bos taurus
187
Early man used cattle for?
draft , meat, and milk.
188
means to identify and use for breeding purposes those animals with traits that are considered by the breeder to be desirable
Selection
189
is the mating of animals of different breeds.
Crossbreeding
190
The first use of swine for food probably occurred in the?
Neolithic age
191
When did domestication started?
12,000 years ago
192
Dogs home are found in the?
Cave in Iraq
193
They are resistance to diseases and full of energy
Undomesticated animals
194
Purpose for domestication of sheep:
- wool
- meat
- skin
195
The first domestication of the horse seems to have been in ? before 3000 b.c.
Central Asia or Persia
196
were domesticated in India and were being raised by the Chinese and Egyptians about 1400 b.c.
Chickens
197
is thought to be the ancestor of all domestic breeds of ducks.
wild mallard duck (Anas boschas)
198
is the time during which the animal is pregnant.
gestation period
199
connects from the navel of the fetus to the placenta.
umbilical cord
200
lies along the wall of the uterus.
placenta
201
Food, oxygen, and wastes are exchanged with the mother through the placenta by a process called?
diffusion
202
The gestation period for cattle is approximately?
283 days
203
In pigs, gestation lasts about?
114 days, often memorably summarized as "three months, three weeks, and three days."
204
The gestation period for sheep is around?
147 day
205
The gestation period for sheep is around 147 days, while goats average?
150 days
206
Horses have a much longer gestation period, about?
340 days
207
keeping the eggs at the right temperature and humidity for hatching.
Incubation
208
use mechanical incubators to hatch chickens and other poultry.
Commercial hatcheries
209
The incubation period for chickens is?
21 days
210
The incubation period for ducks and turkeys is?
28 days
211
The incubation period for geese is?
29 to 31 days
212
The incubation period for miscovy ducks have an incubation period of?
33 to 35 days
213
may be used with replacement heifers that are under 16 weeks of age and are not growing properly
Antibiotics
214
may be used as a feed additive for calves to promote growth,
improve feed efficiency, and treat diarrhea, or for nonlactating dairy cows for growth promotion, feed efficiency, and treatment or prevention of diarrhea, liver
abscesses, foot rot, respiratory diseases, anaplasmosis, and bloat
Antibiotics
215
Catt le being fed a ? will show a 3 to 5 percent improvement in rate of gain and feed effi ciency when a continuous low level (35 to 100 milligrams per head per day) of antibiotic is included in the ration.
high-energy ration
216
Some producers include what antibiotic in feeder lamb rations?
broad-spectrum antibiotic
217
may be used in swine rations for improving rate of gain and feed.
Antibiotics
218
should either not be used at all or used only at low levels when growing gilts unless disease problems are clearly present.
Antibiotics
