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Animal Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

3 Darwin books

A

Origin of species (1859)
Descent of man (1871)
Expression of emotions in man and animals (1872)

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2
Q

Who originated the concept of natural selection before Darwin?

A

Lamarck

Aristotle

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3
Q

Years of the HMS beagle journey

A

1831-1836

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4
Q

5 evidences of evolution from Darwin

A 
Homologies
Fossil Record
Embryological Similarities 
Vestigal organs
Animal distribution patterns
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5
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Animals radiate from 1 original species–> Darwins finches beaks adapt with habitat

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6
Q

3 reasons why Darwins 1844 paper was not published until 1859

A

Ill health
Focus on geological papers
Fear of religious backlash

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7
Q

Wallace

A

Wrote joint paper with Darwin in 1858

Said the fittest would survive so the race would improve

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8
Q

Selective breeding

A

Basis of domestication

Relies on natural variation within population

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9
Q

Why do populations remain stable despite enormous reproductive potential?

A

Competition for scarce resources

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10
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Some genetic variations will leave more offspring than others. Offspring inherit the “fit” parental genes and the population changes over time. Environment selects the most important traits

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11
Q

Alcock definition of natural selection

A

Differential reproductive success of individuals that occurs due to genetic differences

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12
Q

Krebs definition of natural selection

A

Differential survival of alternative alleles

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13
Q

Neodarwinism

A

Dobzansky and Huxley combined the ideas of Darwin and Mendel to add a genetic component to natural selection

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14
Q

Animal Psychology

A

Lab based
Tightly controlled studies
Emphasis on learning by experience

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15
Q

Ethology

A

Field based
Detailed observation of species and behavior
Emphasis on inherited behavior patterns

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16
Q

3 ethologists

A

Tinbergen
Lorenz
Frisen

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17
Q

Sociobiology

A

Field observation and experiments

Emphasis on evolution of social behavior

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18
Q

3 sociobiologists

A

Dawkins
Trivers
Wilson

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19
Q

Tinbergens 4 questions

A

Causation
Development
Function
Evolution

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20
Q

Wilson

A

Differentiates proximal vs ultimate causation

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21
Q

Alcock

A

How vs Why questions

  • proximate is how
  • ultimate is why
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22
Q

Tinbergen psychology

Study These Flashcards
A

How: causation and development

23
Q

Tinbergen ethology

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A

Why: function and evolution

24
Q

Aplysia

Study These Flashcards
A

Sea slug with simple nervous system. stimulus to siphon causes a defensive reaction where shelf retracts

25
Habituation
Waning of unconditioned response to a repeatedly presented stimulus
26
Senesitization
Increased response to stimulus over time | - Aplysia tail shocks increase in size and duration
27
4 conditions necessary for pavlovian conditioning
Temporal contiguity Contingency Surprise Biological preparedness
28
Rats and noisy/flavored water
Rats drink noisy/flavored water which is either followed by a shock or an injection causing illness. Rat will avoid the drink when noise is paired with shock and when flavor is paired with illness because that is consistent with what is experienced in nature
29
Conditioned stimulus
Previously neutral stimulus that gains properties to produce a response over time
30
Fear conditioning
``` CS= tone US= shock CR= Fear ```
31
4 ways to measure fear
Conditioned freezing Conditioned suppression Fear potentiated startle Heart rate
32
Eye blink conditoning
``` CS= tone US= airpuff CR= blink ```
33
Why is surprise necessary for learning
US must instigate some mental work that can only occur is stimulus is unpredicted
34
Blocking
Association between CS and US is impaired if an additional CS is presented that has already been associated with the unconditoned stimulus
35
Latent inhibition
Familiar stimulus takes longer to acquire meaning than a novel stimulus
36
Overshadowing
Two or more stimuli are presented together and one produces a stronger response than the other --> better to only have 1 CS
37
Inhibitory Conditioning
Conditional stimulus paired with an unconditional stimulus which reduces the strength of response
38
Inhibitory Conditioning example
Metronome--> Reinforcement Hooter, pause, metronome--> no reinforcement The hooter predicts the absence of reinforcement so the animal will not respond
39
3 R's of experimentation
Reduction Replacement Refinement
40
2 elements of instrumental conditioning required for successful adaptation
Prediction | Control
41
Instrumental conditoning
Action is instrumental in causing the outcome. Allows us to control our environment in service of our needs
42
Grindley experiment
Trained guinea pigs to turn head left for food. Reversed direction to see if they could still do it. They could, so action is operational - Understand the contingency between action and outcome, not simply stimulus-repsonse
43
Free operant lever pressing
Train rats to press lever then change contingency to either delayed food, or none. Delayed group responded more. shows animals are sensitive to action and probability of food
44
Bolles, Holtz, Hill experiment
Trained rats to press lever either up or down and punished one direction with shock. Suppression only of the response that was punished
45
Thorndike's law of effect
Earliest explantation of operant con. | Association between stimulus and response strengthened by presentation of a reinforcer
46
Puzzle boxes
Cats learned by trial and error | NO insight
47
Tolman
Cognitive theory of instrumental action | Value assigned to outcome interacts with expectancy to produce behavior
48
How to distinguish between stimulus-response and cognitive accounts?
Change the reward value
49
What 2 systems mediate instrumental action
Habit | Association
50
Maze experiment
Mouse initially turns left to reach end. Change the start point and observe SR control--> Mouse will turn left regardless of start point Learning place--> Mouse understands to go to correct end
51
Result of deactivating mouse hippocampus
Initially use place strategy, but move to SR | --> hippocampus is neural basis of place learning
52
Result of deactivating caudate nucleus
Strategy does not change. Mouse keeps using place strategy | --> caudate nucleus is neural basis for SR
53
Path integration example
Ants wander from nest and use vectors to find their way home

Animal Behavior (3 decks)

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