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General Microbiology > Animal Replication > Flashcards

Animal Replication Flashcards

1
Q

tropism

A

specificity of a virus to a particular tissue/cell type

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2
Q

Animal Virus Entry

fusion

A

some enveloped viruses leave their envelopes at the host cell membrane during entry or at the endosome following receptor mediated endocytosis

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3
Q

Animal Virus Entry

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

membrane invagination pulls the virus into the cell in an endosome

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4
Q

Animal Virus Entry

uncoating

A

process of removing the nucleocapsid can occur due to enzymes/pH changes in the endosome or following the escape from the endosome

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5
Q

Animal Virus Release: Budding and lysis

host cell lysis

A

viral proteins puncture the host plasma membrane

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6
Q

Animal Virus Release: Budding and lysis

budding

A

often occurs at the same time as envelope formation

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7
Q

Double-Stranded (ds) DNA virus synthesis

tegument

A

layer of proteins between nucleocapsid and envelope

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8
Q

Double-Stranded (ds) DNA virus synthesis

productive infection

A

lyse cell releasing 50,000 - 200,000 virions

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9
Q

Double-Stranded (ds) DNA virus synthesis

latent infection

A
  • virions are undetected can be reactivated after months/years
  • different than a chronic infection
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10
Q

Double-Stranded (ds) DNA virus synthesis

chronic infection

A

a slow increase in viral load

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11
Q

Understanding RNA Viruses

Sense (+) RNA strands

A

can be used as mRNA

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12
Q

Understanding RNA Viruses

Anti-Sense (-) RNA strands

A

must be transcribed into sense (+) RNA prior to translation, serve as the template for sense (+) synthesis

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13
Q

Understanding RNA Viruses

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

A

almost all RNA viruses (except retroviruses) require a virally encoded enzyme to transcribe and replicate RNA

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14
Q

Understanding RNA Viruses

replicase

A

RdRp that replicates a viral RNA genome (more error prone than DdDp)

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15
Q

Understanding RNA Viruses

transcriptase

A

an RdRp that synthesizes mRNA

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16
Q

Sense (+) RNA Virus Synthesis

nonstructural proteins (NSP)

A

include enzymes for viral processes

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17
Q

Sense (+) RNA Virus Synthesis

structural proteins (SP)

A

include spike proteins

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18
Q

Sense (+) RNA Virus Synthesis

accessory proteins (AP)

A

involved in interfering with cellular processes and the innate immune response

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19
Q

Sense (+) RNA Virus Synthesis

spike glycoprotein

A

associates with the ACE2 receptor and is cleaved to induce fusion

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20
Q

Antisense (-) RNA Virus Synthesis

hemagluttinin spikes (HA)

A

attaches to sialic acid moieties linked to glycoproteins and glycolipids on cells in teh respiratory epithelium

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21
Q

Antisense (-) RNA Virus Synthesis

neuraminidase spike (NA)

A

facilitates induction of receptor mediated endocytoosis and separation of the virus from the host cell during budding

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22
Q

Retrosviruses

reversetranscriptase (RT)

A
  • converts ssRNA into dsDNA
  • functions as RpDp, DdDp, and a ribonuclease
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23
Q

Retroviruses

integrase

A

inserts viral dsDNA into the host chromosome

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24
Q

dsDNA Virus

Location of Nucleic Acid Synthesis.

A

nucleus

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25
Q

dsDNA Virus

Steps of viral nucleic acid synthesis.

A

dsDNA –> dsDNA

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26
Q

dsDNA Virus

Steps of viral protein synthesis.

A

dsDNA –> mRNA –> protein

27
Q

dsDNA Virus

Special viral enzymes involved.

A

N/A (usually)

28
Q

dsRNA Virus

Location of nucleic acid synthesis.

A

cytoplasm

29
Q

dsRNA Virus

Steps of viral nucleic acid synthesis.

A

dsRNA –> ssRNA –> dsRNA

30
Q

dsRNA Virus

Steps of viral protein synthesis.

A

dsRNA –> mRNA –> protein

31
Q

dsRNA Virus

Special viral enzymes involved.

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

32
Q

+ssRNA Virus

Location of nucleic acid synthesis.

A

cytoplasm

33
Q

+ssRNA Virus

Steps in viral nucleic acid synthesis.

A

+RNA –> -RNA –> +RNA

34
Q

+ssRNA Virus

Steps of viral protein synthesis.

A

+RNA –> Protein

+RNA –> -RNA –> +RNA –> Protein

35
Q

+ssRNA Virus

Special viral enzymes involved.

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

36
Q

-ssRNA Virus

Location of nucleic acid synthesis

A

cytoplasm
- influenza goes into the nucleus

37
Q

-ssRNA Virus

Steps of viral nucleic acid synthesis.

A

-RNA –> +RNA –> -RNA

38
Q

-ssRNA Virus

Steps of viral protein synthesis.

A

-RNA –> mRNA –> protein

39
Q

-ssRNA Virus

Special viral enzymes involved.

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)

40
Q

Retrovirus

Location of nucleic acid synthesis.

A

RNA –> DNA = cytoplasm

DNA integration = nucleus

41
Q

Retrovirus

Steps of viral nucleic acid synthesis.

A

+RNA –> ssDNA –> dsDNA –> +RNA

42
Q

Retrovirus

Steps of viral protein synthesis.

A

DNA –> mRNA –> protein

43
Q

Retrovirus

Special viral enzymes involved.

A
  • reverse transcriptase
  • integrase
44
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

cytocidal infection

A

disease in which some of the symptoms result from cell death

45
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

persistent/chronic infection

A

the cell is not lysed but instead remains a viral factory

46
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

cytopathic effects (CPEs)

A

micorscopic or macroscopic changes or abnormalities in host cells and tissues that are distinct from lyses

47
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

latency

A

viral genomes can be maintained in cells without virion production as proviruses or extrachromasomal elements

48
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

oncogenic

A

capable of inducing cancer

49
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

cytokines

A

soluble, low molecular weight protein or glycoprotein that acts as an intercellular signaling molecule

50
Q

Detrimental Outcomes of Viral Infection in Animals

cytokine storms

A

proinflammatory cytokines cause dilation of blood vessels that cause a rapid drop on blood pressure leading to shock

51
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

innate immunity

A

parts of the immune response that:
- has no memory
- is non-specific
- doesn’t improve due to previous infection

52
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?: Innate Immunity

complement proteins

A

can surround viruses in a process called opsonization promoting phagocytosis and disrupt viral enzymes

53
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?: Innate Immunity

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

destroy virally infected cells by inducing apoptosis

  • looks for absence of MHC I self-recognition signal on cells
54
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?: Innate Immunity

Interferons

A

cytokines produced by infected cells which induce expression of anti-viral pathways in neighboring cells

55
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

adaptive immunity

A

parts of the immune response that:
- are specific to a particular pathogen
- induce memory response
- improve due to previous infection

56
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?: Adaptive Immunity

neutralizing antibodies

A

proteins that bind to antigens, can block attachment of a virus to host cells and tag the cirus for destruction by phagocytes

57
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?: Adaptive Immunity

cytotoxic T cells

A

interact with MHC I self recognition signals to ‘check’ cellular trash for signs of abnormalities, inducing apoptosis in infected and cancerous cells

58
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

neuraminidase inhibitors

A

treat influeanze by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of NA spikes, which aid in envelop separation

59
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

nucleoside or mononucleotide analogues

A

inhibit DNA viruses which use their own enzyme to phosphorylate nucleotides

60
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

A

inhibit retroviruses through incorporation into DNA during reverse transcriptase which halts synthesis

61
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

Nonnucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

A

prevent DNA synthesis by binding to and inhibiting reverse transcriptase

62
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

protease inhibitors

A

block HIV protease which is required for viral protein production

63
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

integrase inhibitors

A

inhibit DNA incorporation into genome

64
Q

How Do We Fight Viral Infections?

fusion inhibitors

A

prevent entry

General Microbiology (12 decks)

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