Animal Reproduction Intro, Unifying Feature of Animal Repro.

Question 1

Two Types of Reproduction

Answer 1

-Sexual Reproduction
-Asexual Reproduction

Question 2

_____ is the creation of new individuals from existing ones.

Answer 2

Reproduction

Question 3

_____ creates offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Answer 3

Asexual Reproduction

Question 4

Enumerate Four types of Asexual Reproduction.

Answer 4

-Budding
-Fission
-Fragmentation
-Regeneration

Question 5

The type of asexual reproduction that produces offspring by the outgrowth and eventual splitting off of a new individual from the parent.

Answer 5

Budding

Question 6

This is an asexual process where a parent separates into two or more offspring of about equal size.

Answer 6

Fission

Question 7

This is an asexual process where the parent body breaks into several pieces.

Answer 7

Fragmentation

Question 8

The type of asexual reproduction that typically follows after fragmentation and is the regrowth of a whole animal from the pieces.

Answer 8

Regeneration

Question 9

It is the fusion of Gametes (Sperm and Egg) from two parents, then the formation of a zygote happens.

Answer 9

Sexual Reproduction

Question 10

_____ are individuals with male and female reproductive systems.

Answer 10

Hermaphrodites

Question 11

It is the study of the development of the embryo.

Answer 11

Embryology

Question 12

What are the 5 major stages of Embryology.

Answer 12

-Gametogenesis (Gamete Production)
-Fertilization (Gamete - Zygote)
-Cleavage (Zygote - Blastula)
-Gastrulation (Blastula - Gastrula)
-Organogenesis (Organ Formation)
-i.e. Neurulation- (Gastrula - Neurula)

Question 13

Produces gametes, haploid cells, by meiosis.

Answer 13

Gametogenesis.

Question 14

-Is the formation of sperm cells.
-Occurs in seminiferous tubules inside the testes.
-Primary spermatocytes are diploid cells that undergo meiosis and produce secondary spermatocytes.

Answer 14

Spermatogenesis

Question 15

Is the development of eggs within the ovaries.

Answer 15

Oogenesis

Question 16

What does Meiosis I Produce:

Answer 16

-Secondary Oocyte
-Polar Body

Question 17

What does Meiosis II Produce:

Answer 17

-A mature Ovum
-A polar Body

Question 18

_____ - Male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote.

Answer 18

Fertilization

Question 19

Sperm must pass through 3 barriers. What barriers are these?

Answer 19

1. Jelly Coat
2. Vitelline Layer
3. Plasma Membrane

Question 20

____ contains digestive enzymes that eat away at jelly layer.

Answer 20

Acrosome Cap

Question 21

____ -species-specific boundary involved in sperm-egg recognition./ Ensures that other species cannot fertilize the egg./ Hardens and separates from the plasma membrane.

Answer 21

Vitelline Layer

Question 22

What occurs when sperm nucleus and egg nucleus form a 2N zygote

Answer 22

Fertilization

Question 23

The process of fertilization (Sexual Production)

Answer 23

1. Sperm attaches the jelly coat of the egg.
2. Sperm reach vitelline envelope.
3. Sperm/ egg plasma membrane fuse.
4. Prevention of Polyspermy

Question 23

Prevention of Polyspermy is the prevention of what?

Answer 23

Prevention of entrance of multiple sperm.

Question 24

____ reside just below of plasma membrane.

Answer 24

Cortical Granules

Question 24

____ - Under high Ca levels granules release contents between plasma and vitelline membrane, causing water to rush in.

Answer 24

Cortical Reaction

Question 25

____ - Rapid succession of cell division./ Doubling with each division./ Each cell is smaller than a zygote.

Answer 25

Cleavage

Question 26

____ - Multi-cellular embryo formed from a single celled zygote./ Hollow ball of cells with a large cavity surrounded by one or more layers of cells.

Answer 26

Blastula

Question 27

____ - Fluid filled cavity forms at the center of embryo.

Answer 27

Blastocoel

Question 28

____ - Sorts all the cells into distinct cell layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm).

Answer 28

Gastrulation.

Question 29

What are the three germ layers/ three primary cell layers.

Answer 29

-Endoderm (Inner Layer) -Ectoderm (Outer Layer) -Mesoderm (Middle Layer)

Question 30

____ begins when blastopore is formed.

Answer 30

Gastrulation

Question 31

____ is the midway opening on one side of the blastula.

Answer 31

Blastopore

Question 32

____ - Primitive gut formed (endoderm)./ Future mouth.

Answer 32

Archenteron

Question 33

The process of Gastrulation:

Answer 33

1. Gastrulation Begins- Blastopore formed. (PLS REFER TO SLIDE 35) 2. Cell migrating to form layers. -Archenteron (SLIDE 36) 3. Gastrulation Complete- Gastrula formed. -Endoderm and Archenteron -Mesoderm -Ectoderm -Yolk Plug (SLIDE 37)

Question 34

____ - (Endoderm) marks the site of the blastopore and the future anus.

Answer 34

Yolk Plug

Question 35

____ - The embryonic formation of the neural tube directed by the underlying notochord.

Answer 35

Neurulation

Question 36

____ - a stiff rod (mesoderm) runs down the back of the embryo and provides support for other developing tissues./ Future Backbone.

Answer 36

Notochord

Question 37

The process of Neurulation:

Answer 37

1. Neurulation Begins- Neural tube Formation. -Neural plate -Neural Tube -Future brain and spinal cord 2. Neurulation Complete- Neurula Formed -Somites -Coelom (PLS REFER TO SLIDES 41 & 42)

Question 38

____ - thickened region (ectoderm) arises a pair of pronounced ridges called the neural fold.

Answer 38

Neural Plate

Question 39

____ is formed when neural folds meet.

Answer 39

Neural Tube

Question 40

____ - intestinal segmented structures (mesoderm)/ Give rise to vertebrae and associated muscles of the backbone.

Answer 40

Somites

Question 41

____- Body cavity (mesoderm) developed next to somites.

Answer 41

Coelom