Animal Responses

Question 1

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 1

Part old the nervous system responsible for controlling the involuntary motor activities of the body.

Question 2

What is the somatic nervous system?

Answer 2

The motor neurones under conscious control.

Question 3

What much a communication system enable?

Answer 3

Detection of changes in the environment
Cell signalling to occur between all parts of the body
Coordination of a range of effectors to Cary out responses to the sensory input

Question 4

What is the nervous system divided into?

Answer 4

The CNS and the PNS

Question 5

What is the PNS divided into?

Answer 5

The sensory system and the motor system.

Question 6

What is the motor system divided into?

Answer 6

The somatic system and the autonomic system.

Question 7

What type of neurone id the brain mostly comprised of?

Answer 7

Relay neurones

Question 8

What does the grey matter consist of?

Answer 8

Non-myelinated relay neurones

Question 9

What does the white matter consist of?

Answer 9

Myelinated neurones

Question 10

What is the role of the PNS?

Answer 10

To ensure rapid communication between the sensory receptors, the CNS and the effectors

Question 11

What does the PNS consist of ?

Answer 11

Sensory and motor neurones?

Question 12

What does the somatic nervous system consist of?

Answer 12

Motor neurones that conduct action potentials from the CNS to the effectors that are under voluntary control

Question 13

What does the autonomic system consist of?

Answer 13

Motor neurones that conduct action potentials from the CNS to the effectors that are not under voluntary control

Question 14

What are the features of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 14

Short pre gangleonic neurones
Long post gangleonic neurones
Uses noradrenaline and adrenaline
Increases activity

Question 15

Features of the parasympathetic system?

Answer 15

A few nerves leading out of the CNS
Ganglia in the effector tissue
Long pre gangleonic neurones
Short post gangleonic neurones

Question 16

What are the four main parts of the brain?

Answer 16

The cerebrum the cerebellum the hypothalamus/pituitary the medulla oblongata

Question 17

Structure of the cerebrum

Answer 17

Two hemispheres which are connected by major tracts of neurones called the corpus callosum
The outer layer of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex.

Question 18

What does the cerebrum control ?

Answer 18

Cpnscious thought
Actions
Emotional responses
Intelligence reasoning and decision making
Factual memory

Question 19

The cerebellum structure?

Answer 19

Has half of the neurones in the brain

Question 20

Cerebellum functions.

Answer 20

Maintaining body position and balance
Judging the position of objects and limbs
Tensioning muscles in order to use tools

Question 21

Structure of the hypothalamus and pituitary complex structure.

Answer 21

Contains its own sensory receptors for negative feedback.

Question 22

Function for hypothalamus and pituitary complex

Answer 22

Temperature regulation
Osmoregulation
Releases various hormones

Question 23

Role of medulla oblongata

Answer 23

The cardiac centre regulates circulation and blood pressure
Regulates heart rate/rate of breathing

Question 24

How many neurones do reflex pathways usually consist of?

Answer 24

3

Question 25

What is the blinking reflex?

Answer 25

Temporary closure of the eyelids to protect the eyes from damage

Question 26

What is the corneal reflex

Answer 26

A reflex mediated by the sensory neurone causing the eyelid to shut when the cornea is touched.

Question 27

What is the optical reflex?

Answer 27

Protects the light sensitive cells of the retina from damage.

Question 28

What is adenyl cyclase?

Answer 28

An intracellular enzyme which is activated by certain hormones

Question 29

Cyclic AMP

Answer 29

A secondary messenger released inside cells to activate a response.

Question 30

What are examples of output to effectors.

Answer 30

Action potentials in the somatic nervous system Action potentials in the sympathetic nervous system Release of hormones via the hypothalamus and pituitary

Question 31

What are some physiological changes associated with fight or flight?

Answer 31

Pupils dilate Heart rate and blood pressure increase Blood glucose levels increase Ventilation rate and depth increase

Question 32

Coordination of the fight or flight response

Answer 32

Inputs feed into the sensory centres in the cerebrum Which passes signals into the association centre If a thread is recognised the cerebrum stimulates the hypothalamus Hypothalamus increases activity.

Question 33

What effect does increasing the sympathetic nervous system have on the effectors.

Answer 33

Increases the activity

Question 34

How does fight or flight engage a long term response.

Answer 34

Endocrine system

Question 35

what is the importance of pumping blood around the body?

Answer 35

Transport of oxygen and nutrients Removal of waste Distribute heat around the body

Question 36

How can the heart action be modifies?

Answer 36

Raising or lowering the heart rate Altering force of contractions of ventricular walls Altering the stroke volume

Question 37

What does the heart muscle being myogenic if mean?

Answer 37

It can initiate its own beat at regular intervals

Question 38

What are some examples of sensory input at the cardiovascular centre?

Answer 38

Stretch receptors in muscles detect movement of the limbs these send impulses Chemoreceptors in carotid arteries The concentration of CO2 in the blood Stretch receptors in the walls of carotid stimulus.

Question 39

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 39

Muscle found in the heart walls

Question 40

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 40

The structure at which a nerve meets the muscle it is similar in action to a synapse

Question 41

Why are muscles arranged in opposing pairs?

Answer 41

Because they cannot elongate without an antagonist.

Question 42

Structure of involuntary muscle.

Answer 42

Individual cells tapered at both ends each cell about 500micrometers long and 5micrometers wide.

Question 43

How does involuntary muscle contract.

Answer 43

Slowly and regularly (controlled by autonomic nervous system).

Question 44

Cardiac muscle structure.

Answer 44

Individual cells form long fibres which form cross bridges The cells are joined by intercalated discs.

Question 45

How does cardiac muscle contract?

Answer 45

It contracts continuously throughout life it can contract powerfully and does not fatigue easily.

Question 46

What is the membrane around the skeletal muscle?

Answer 46

Sarcolema

Question 47

What is the junction between the nervous system and the muscle called?

Answer 47

Neuromuscular junction.

Question 48

What is a motor neurone?

Answer 48

An electric signal which connects to multiple muscle fibres causing them to contract and resulting in a stronger contraction.

Question 49

Creatine phosphate?

Answer 49

A compound in muscle that acts as a store of phosphates and can supply phosphates to make ATP rapidly.

Question 50

What units are myofibrils broken down into?

Answer 50

Thin filaments which are aligned to make up the light band. Thick filaments which make up the dark band.

Question 51

What is a sarcomere

Answer 51

The distance between two z lines.

Question 52

How long is a sarcomere at rest?

Answer 52

2.5micrometers

Question 53

Heat are the thin filaments?

Answer 53

Actin

Question 54

What is wound around actin

Answer 54

Tropomyosin

Question 55

What does the thick filament consist of?

Answer 55

A bundle of myosin molecules

Question 56

What happens during contraction

Answer 56

The thick and thin filaments slide past eachother

Question 57

What alters the shape of troponin?

Answer 57

Calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

How do the thick filaments slide past the thin filaments?

Answer 58

Myosin heads bind to the actin The myosin heads move pullin actin filaments The myosin head detaches

Question 59

What part is ATP used in in the contraction of muscles?

Answer 59

The movement of the myosin head

Question 60

How is ATP supplied?

Answer 60

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration Creatine phosphates is broken down.