Animal Responses

Question 1

What is the survival of an organism dependent on?

Answer 1

• detection of changes in environment
• cell signalling between different parts of the body
• co-ordination of diff effectors to respond to sensory input.

Question 2

Two main components of the nervous system.

Answer 2

• Central nervous system -> brain and spinal cord, relay
• peripheral nervous system-> everything else, sensory and motor

Question 3

Two main components of PNS

Answer 3

Somatic- most are myelinated - connections to effectors consist of 1 neurone->
- conscious control
- input from sense organs
- output to skeletal muscle
Autonomic - non-myelinated - connections to effectors consist of 2 effectors - controls HR, BR, muscle contraction in intestines + blood vessels ->
- subconscious
- input from receptors
- output to smooth muscles and glands.

Question 4

What are the 2 types of autonomic motor neurones?

Answer 4

Sympathetic motor system ->
- fight or flight
- NT = noradrenaline.
Inc activity when stressed. Neurones link at ganglion outside of spinal cord.
Para-sympathetic ->
- Relaxation.
- ACh.
- Inc activity in sleep. Neurones link at a ganglion outside target tissue.

Question 5

What is the effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic of salivary gland

Answer 5

Sympathetic -> saliva production reduced.
Parasympathetic -> saliva production increased.

Question 6

Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation of lung?

Answer 6

Sympathetic -> bronchial muscle relaxed
Parasympathetic -> bronchial muscle contacted.

Question 7

Kidney sympathetic and parasympathetic effect.

Answer 7

Sympathetic -> decreased urine secretion
Parasympathetic -> increased urine secretion.

Question 8

Parasympathetic and sympathetic effect on heart.

Answer 8

Sympathetic -> increases HR.
Parasympathetic -> decreases HR.

Question 9

What protects the brain and processes all the info?

Answer 9

• skull provide protection
• processes all info from receptors -> to provide co-ordinated response.
  DO NOT PROCESS REFLEXES.

Question 10

Features of cerebrum and what does it do?

Answer 10

• voluntary actions
• conscious
  -learning, memory, personality
  -reasoning and decision making in frontal lobes

-> receives sensory info + interprets it using information from previous experiences
-> highly convoluted = inc SA = inc capacity for complex activity.

Question 11

Features of cerebellum and what does it do?

Answer 11

• non-voluntary
• subconscious
• positive, movement, balance
  -> co-ordinates movement.
  -> receives info and relays to cerebral cortex.

Question 12

Hypothalamus - features and what does it do?

Answer 12

• regulatory centre for temperature and water balance
  -> controls patterns of behaviour
  -> produces hormones
  -> monitors blood plasma

Question 13

Pituitary gland - features and what does it do?

Answer 13

• stores and releases hormones that regulate many body functions
  Anterior -> produces 6 hormones
  Posterior -> stores and releases hormones

Question 14

Different areas of cerebral cortex.

Answer 14

Sensory areas -> get A.P from sensory receptors via sensory neurones.
Association areas -> compares sensory inputs to previous experience to interpret and produce response.
Motor areas -> sends A.P to effectors.

Question 15

Advantage of having a brain.

Answer 15

• fastest possible communication between neurones provided
• faster than if there was different control centres in different parts of body