Animal responses

Question 1

What is the cerebrum responsible for?

Answer 1

Thinking
Speech
Memory
Sensory processing

Question 2

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 2

Balance and coordination, posture

Question 3

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

Answer 3

Breathing, heart rate, peristalsis.

Question 4

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

Answer 4

Contains receptors involved in temperature regulation and osmoregulation.

Question 5

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 5

An endocrine gland in the brain releasing hormones like ADH.

Question 6

What are the meninges?

Answer 6

A three-membrane layer between the skull and brain.

Question 7

What is the function of the meninges?

Answer 7

Secrete cerebro-spinal fluid that helps:
absorb mechanical shock.
provide oxygen and nutrients to cells of the CNS.

Question 8

What can the mammalian nervous system be split up into?

Answer 8

The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord relay neurons) and the peripheral nervous system (sensory and motor neurons).

Question 9

What can the PNS be split up into?

Answer 9

The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Question 10

What are the features of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 10

Conscious control.
Input from sense organs.
Output to skeletal muscles.

Question 11

What are the features of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 11

Subconscious control.
Input from internal receptors.
Output to smooth muscles and glands.

Question 12

What can the autonomic nervous system be split up into?

Answer 12

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 13

What kind of responses is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 13

“fight or flight” responses.

Question 14

What kind of responses is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

Answer 14

“rest and digest” responses.

Question 15

What neurotransmitter is mainly used in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 15

Noradrenaline

Question 16

What neurotransmitter is mainly used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine

Question 17

What are the functions of glial cells in the nervous system?

Answer 17

Supply oxygen and nutrients to the neurons.
Maintain ion balance in the fluid surrounding neurons.
Provide support and protection for neurons.

Question 18

What is an example of a glial cell?

Answer 18

Shwann cells.

Question 19

What nervous system are reflexes part of and why?

Answer 19

The somatic nervous system as the effectors are skeletal muscles.

Question 20

What is a bundle of neurons called?

Answer 20

A nerve.

Question 21

What is the function of the dorsal root of the spinal nerve?

Answer 21

Carry impulses from receptors towards the spinal cord along a sensory neuron.

Question 22

What is the function of the ventral root of the spinal nerve?

Answer 22

Carry impulses to effectors away from the CNS along motor neurons.

Question 23

Which nerve cell bodies are found inside the spinal cord?

Answer 23

Intermediate/relay neuron cell body.

Motor neuron cell body.

Question 24

Where is the position of the autonomic ganglion for the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 24

Just outside the target organ.

very short postganglionic neuron and long preganglionic neuron

Question 25

Where is the position of the autonomic ganglion for the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 25

Just outside the spinal cord. | short preganglionic neuron and long postganglionic neuron

Question 26

What are some examples of responses that the sympathetic nervous system coordinates?

Answer 26

Increasing heart rate. Dilating pupils. Faster ventilation. Glycogenolysis.

Question 27

What are some examples of responses that the parasympathetic nervous system coordinates?

Answer 27

``` Decreasing heart rate. Contracting pupils. Glycogenesis. Sphincter muscles relax. Exocrine secretion in the pancreas. Allows peristalsis ```

Question 28

What is a reflex?

Answer 28

A rapid, involuntary response to a sensory stimuli usually with the purpose of protecting the body.

Question 29

What does it mean that a reflex is involuntary?

Answer 29

The response is not coordinated by impulses from the cerebrum.

Question 30

What is an example of a reflex arc?

Answer 30

Receptor, sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, effector.

Question 31

What are some examples of reflex responses?

Answer 31

Knee jerk reflex Blinking reflex Pupil dilation/contraction

Question 32

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

Answer 32

A reflex that has only one synapse in its reflex arc.

Question 33

Why is it important for survival that reflexes are involuntary?

Answer 33

So that the brain is free to coordinate more complex responses.

Question 34

Why is it important that reflexes are innate?

Answer 34

Present at birth, so grant immediate protection.

Question 35

What are 4 features of reflexes that make them important for survival?

Answer 35

Involuntary Innate Fast Day to day (e.g: not falling over, digestion)

Question 36

In which part of the brain is the nervous control of heart rate coordinated?

Answer 36

The medulla oblongata.

Question 37

How does the cardio-acceleratory system affect heart rate?

Answer 37

It is linked to the sino-atrial node by the accelerator nerve. It is also linked to the adrenal glands causing the secretion of adrenaline.

Question 38

How does the cardio-inhibitory system affect heat rate?

Answer 38

It is linked to the sino-atrial node by the vagus nerve.

Question 39

What nervous system is the accelerator nerve part of?

Answer 39

The sympathetic nervous system.

Question 40

What nervous system is the vagus nerve part of?

Answer 40

The parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 41

What 3 types of cell inform the cardio-acceleratory and inhibitory systems?

Answer 41

Baroreceptors. (pressure receptors) Chemoreceptors. Stretch receptors.

Question 42

What do baroreceptors detect and what effect would these detections have?

Answer 42

Low blood pressure would activate the cardio-acceleratory system and increase ADH secretion. High blood pressure would activate the cardio-inhibitory system and decrease ADH secretion.

Question 43

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to and what effect do they have?

Answer 43

Sensitive to pH changes in the blood. | Low pH blood corresponds to a high carbonic acid concentration, this will activate the cardio-acceleratory system.

Question 44

What are stretch receptors sensitive to and what effect do they have?

Answer 44

Sensitive to limb movement. If there is a lot of limb movement, the cardio-acceleratory system will be activated.

Question 45

Where are baroreceptors found?

Answer 45

Aorta, vena cava, carotid arteries(in the neck).

Question 46

Where are stretch receptors found?

Answer 46

In skeletal muscles.

Question 47

What is the part of the cerebrum that integrates information from primary sensory areas?

Answer 47

Association areas

Question 48

What is the gross structure of the brain?

Answer 48

See bio book