animal responses

Question 1

3 types of muscle

Answer 1

cardiac
smooth (involuntary)
skeletal

Question 2

what is cardiac muscle

Answer 2

specialised exitatory and conductive muscle fibres

Question 3

where is cardiac muscle only found

Answer 3

heart

Question 4

where is smooth muscle found

Answer 4

internal organs and vessels

Question 5

arrangement of smooth muscle

Answer 5

irregular

Question 6

speed of contraction of SM

Answer 6

slow

Question 7

shape of SM

Answer 7

spindle shaped

Question 8

describe the nuclei of SM

Answer 8

uni-nucleated

Question 9

sarcoplasm

Answer 9

muscle cytoplasm

Question 10

sarcolemma

Answer 10

cell membrane of muscle cell

Question 11

what is skeletal muscle responsible for

Answer 11

movement

Question 12

myogenic

Answer 12

contracts without an action potential

Question 13

troponin

Answer 13

protein attaches actin filaments to tropomyosin and also binds to Ca2+ ions

Question 14

muscle fibres

Answer 14

specialised cells containing many nuclei

Question 15

what is a muscle fibre made of

Answer 15

thousands of muscle fibres

Question 16

tropomyosin

Answer 16

fibrous protein that wraps around actin

Question 17

sacromere

Answer 17

region bw 1 Z band to the next of a myofibril

Question 18

unit of contraction of a muscle

Answer 18

sarcomere

Question 19

M line

Answer 19

perpendicular to myosin filaments where these filaments join up

Question 20

myosin

Answer 20

fibrous protein that thick filaments are made of-

Question 21

what forms dark A bands

Answer 21

myosin

Question 22

myofibrils

Answer 22

regularly arranged small tubular structures in the s.plasm of the m.fibre

Question 23

appearance of myofibrils under microscope

Answer 23

striped

Question 24

sources of ATP

Answer 24

creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration

Question 25

where is creatine phosphate stored

Answer 25

in muscle

Question 26

Z line

Answer 26

perpendicular to actin filaments where these filaments join up

Question 27

H zone/ band

Answer 27

only thick filaments- the darkest parts where where the parallel A and I bands overlap

Question 28

sacroplasmic reticulum

Answer 28

specialised endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fibre, containing high conc of Ca2+ ions

Question 29

actin

Answer 29

globular protein that thin filament are made of

Question 30

what forms the I band

Answer 30

actin

Question 31

what is the joining part of cardiac cells called

Answer 31

intercalated discs

Question 32

do cardiac muscle fatigue

Answer 32

no

Question 33

what do gap junctions do in cardiac muscle

Answer 33

allow impulses to spread quickly bc ions pass

Question 34

why is there so much cardiac muscle

Answer 34

to provide ATP for respiration

Question 35

which organelles are packed into cardiac cells

Answer 35

mitochondria and myoglobin- unload any oxygen to muscle cells

Question 36

what form do muscle cells take- shape

Answer 36

branched

Question 37

is cardiac muscle striated

Answer 37

yes

Question 38

are cardiac cells involuntary

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

is smooth muscle involuntary

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

which part of the PNS innervates SM

Answer 40

autonomic

Question 41

is SM striated

Answer 41

no

Question 42

is skeletal muscle involuntary

Answer 42

no

Question 43

is skeletal muscle striated

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

what is bigger myofibril/ muscle fibre

Answer 44

muscle fibre

Question 45

does skeletal muscle fatigue

Answer 45

yes

Question 46

nuclei of skeletal muscle

Answer 46

multinucleated

Question 47

which muscle is striated and stimulated by conscious, vol control

Answer 47

skeletal

Question 48

how many muscle fibres in a muscle

Answer 48

thousands

Question 49

what attaches muscle to bone

Answer 49

tendon

Question 50

are the mitochondria inside the myofibrils

Answer 50

no

Question 51

can you see filaments with a light microscope

Answer 51

no

Question 52

which filament has heads on it

Answer 52

myosin

Question 53

where are myosin tails arranged to point towards

Answer 53

the centre of the sarcomere

Question 54

where do the myosin heads point towards/away

Answer 54

the sides of the myofilament band, away from M line

Question 55

role of tropomyosin

Answer 55

reinforce the structure of actin

Question 56

what can't adrenaline pass through cell membranes

Answer 56

it is hydrophobic therefore

Question 57

why is adrenaline described as a hormone

Answer 57

chemical messenger binds to the receptors on the surface of hepatocyte triggering a chain reaction inside the hepatocyte

Question 58

what is activated when adrenaline binds to the receptor

Answer 58

adenylyl cyclase

Question 59

describe the action of adrenaline

Answer 59

app rec site fuses to rec site activating adenylyl cyclase enz enz conv ATP to cyclic AMP, which acts as a 2nd mess that actvates other enz tht in turn onv glycogen into glucose

Question 60

main function of adrenaline during fof

Answer 60

trigger hepatocytes to undergo glycogenolysis to that glucose is released into the blood stream

Question 61

what does the releasing of glucose into the bloodstream allow

Answer 61

respiration to increase so more energy is available for muscle contraction

Question 62

how does more glucose in the blood increase respiration

Answer 62

.

Question 63

first messenger

Answer 63

a hormone that transmits a chemical signal around the body- adrenaline

Question 64

second messanger

Answer 64

transmits a chemical signal intracellularly-cyclic AMP

Question 65

suggest what happens to the polysccharides in the hepatocyte as a result of the action of adrenaline

Answer 65

glycogen broken down into glucose by hydrolysis | glycogen phosphorylase stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 66

describe and explain how the activation of the fof aff voluntary, invol and cardiac muscle

Answer 66

.

Question 67

where is adenylyl cyclase present

Answer 67

cell membrane

Question 68

what is one cardiac cycle equal to

Answer 68

one heart beat

Question 69

myogenic

Answer 69

cardiac muscle can initiate its own pacemaker, dx need NS/ES

Question 70

BLTR

Answer 70

bicuspid valve left | tricuspid valve right

Question 71

cardiac output

Answer 71

stroke volume x heart rate

Question 72

units of CO

Answer 72

cm3/min

Question 73

SV units

Answer 73

vol

Question 74

HR units

Answer 74

bpm

Question 75

stroke volume

Answer 75

vol of blood leaving left ventricle w/each beat

Question 76

centres in the medulla oblongata linked to SAN in heart by motor neurones

Answer 76

cardiovascular-acceleratory system | cardio-inhibitory system

Question 77

cardiovascular-accelatory system

Answer 77

connected by accelatory nerve through sympathetic NS | inc HR and CO

Question 78

cardio-inhibatory system

Answer 78

linked by vagus nerve, impluse though parasympathetic NS decreases HR and CO

Question 79

effects of exercise on CO (neg feedback loop)

Answer 79

inc metabolic activity, inc co2 conc bc of a.resp, dec blood pH centre in med(cas) inc freq of impulses 2 SAN via symp NS, SAN inc HR, inc blood flow removed co2 quicker, co2 conc returns to optimum

Question 80

why is it essential that HR inc

Answer 80

to prov extra ox req for inc respiration

Question 81

what is HR controlled by

Answer 81

autonomic NS

Question 82

is HR vol/invol

Answer 82

involuntary