Animal Responses & Excretion

Question 1

Which type of muscle is under voluntary control?

Answer 1

skeletal muscle

Question 2

Which type of muscle has the slowest contraction speed?

Answer 2

smooth muscle

Question 3

What two types of muscles are striated?

Answer 3

cardiac and skeletal muscle

Question 4

Which type of muscle is branched?

Answer 4

cardiac muscle

Question 5

Which type of muscle is multinucleated?

Answer 5

skeletal muscle

Question 6

Which type of muscle is capable of remaining contracted for relatively long periods of time?

Answer 6

smooth muscle

Question 7

What is actin?

Answer 7

a molecule that forms the thin protein filaments in myofibrils in muscle fibre.

Question 8

What is myosin?

Answer 8

a molecule that forms the thick protein filaments in myofibrils in muscle fibre.

Question 9

What is sarcomere?

Answer 9

the distance between adjacent Z-lines on a myofibril.

Question 10

What is the name of the band on a sarcomere where actin and myosin do not overlap?

Answer 10

the I-band.

Question 11

What is the name of the band on a sarcomere where actin and myosin do overlap?

Answer 11

the dark-band (A-band).

Question 12

Which protein filament is present in the H zone of a sarcomere?

Answer 12

myosin (filament).

Question 13

What is a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 13

where a motor neurone meets a skeletal muscle fibre.

Question 14

Which ions are released when an action potential reaches a neuromuscular junction?

Answer 14

Calcium ions (Ca2+).

Question 15

What is the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 15

acetylcholine (ACh).

Question 16

Which enzyme breaks down the neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 16

acetylcholinase (AChase).

Question 17

What change occurs when an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head during muscle contraction?

Answer 17

the myosin head detaches from the actin filament.

Question 18

What change in the myosin head takes place when energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP?

Answer 18

The myosin head changes its shape causing it to return to its original position.

Question 19

Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is needed for what two processes during muscle contraction?

Answer 19

Movement of myosin heads and active transport of calcium ions back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question 20

What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle contraction?

Answer 20

to act as a reserve supply of phosphate ions to reform ATP quickly during short bursts of high activity.

Question 21

Which part of the brain controls learning, memory and conscious thoughts?

Answer 21

cerebrum

Question 22

Which part of the brain controls unconscious actions including posture and balance?

Answer 22

cerebellum

Question 23

Which part of the brain controls breathing rate and heart rate?

Answer 23

medulla oblongata

Question 24

Which part of the brain is the regulatory centre for temperature and water balance?

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 25

the part of the brain that stores and secretes hormones.

Question 26

Define the term excretion.

Answer 26

The removal of waste products of cell metabolism from the body.

Question 27

What are the three main waste products which need to be excreted in mammals?

Answer 27

- CO2 - bile pigments - urea

Question 28

How do hepatocytes respond to insulin?

Answer 28

They take up glucose and convert it into glycogen for storage.

Question 29

What is deamination?

Answer 29

a process where the liver removes the amine group from amino acids when breaking down excess proteins.

Question 30

What does the ornithine cycle do?

Answer 30

combines ammonia with carbon dioxide to produce urea (in the liver).

Question 31

What is detoxification?

Answer 31

The breakdown of alcohol and drug molecules.

Question 32

Name the three main areas which can be seen when a whole kidney is cut open.

Answer 32

- cortex - medulla - pelvis

Question 33

What is a nephron?

Answer 33

the microscopic functional units of the kidney responsible for producing urine.

Question 34

What are the four main mechanisms that must occur in the nephron to convert filtrate into urine?

Answer 34

- ultrafiltration - selective reabsorption - secretion - excretion

Question 35

What are the five main structures found in a nephron?

Answer 35

- Bowman'scapsule, - proximal convoluted tubule, - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubul - collecting duct

Question 36

What is the name of the knot of capillaries found within the Bowman's capsule?

Answer 36

glomerulus.

Question 37

In relation to kidney function, what is meant by the term “diuresis”?

Answer 37

an increase in the production of urine by the kidney resulting in a large volume of dilute urine.

Question 38

Where is ADH made in the body?

Answer 38

the hypothalamus.

Question 39

Where is ADH stored in the body?

Answer 39

In the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 40

What is the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation?

Answer 40

- osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are sensitive to changes in the water potential of the blood. - nerves from the hypothalamus control the release of ADH by the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 41

ADH exerts its effect by binding to receptors on the surface of which cells?

Answer 41

Cells in the walls of the collecting duct.

Question 42

What is the name given to the outer region of the adrenal glands?

Answer 42

adrenal cortex.

Question 43

What is the name given to the inner region of the adrenal glands?

Answer 43

adrenal medulla.

Question 44

What are the two main hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 44

- aldosterone - cortisol

Question 45

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 45

helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body.

Question 46

What are the two main hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Answer 46

- adrenaline - noradrenaline

Question 47

Which adrenal hormone is released in response to stress and helps regulate metabolism?

Answer 47

cortisol.

Question 48

Which two adrenal hormones increase heart rate, increase blood pressure and widen pupils?

Answer 48

- adrenaline - noradrenaline

Question 49

Within muscle, thin and thick filaments can be found in…

Answer 49

myofibrils.

Question 50

Thin and thick filaments are examples of…

Answer 50

protein filaments.

Question 51

Thin filaments are made up of a protein called…

Answer 51

actin.

Question 52

How many actin filaments are wrapped around each other in a thin filament?

Answer 52

2.

Question 53

Within a thin filament, wrapped around the actin filaments is another protein chain called…

Answer 53

tropomyosin.

Question 54

Thick filaments are made up of a protein called…

Answer 54

myosin.

Question 55

Myofibrils are made up of what?

Answer 55

many repeating sarcomeres.

Question 56

Sarcomeres are...

Answer 56

- vertical sections inside a myofibril. - made up of thin and thick filaments.

Question 57

What is the minimum number of thin filaments inside a sarcomere?

Answer 57

4.

Question 58

What is the minimum number of thick filaments inside a sarcomere?

Answer 58

1.

Question 59

What is the area in the middle of a sarcomere called?

Answer 59

the m-line.

Question 60

The area between two M-lines is called a…

Answer 60

Z-line.

Question 61

Where is the Z-line positioned?

Answer 61

actin filaments/thin filaments

Question 62

How many M-lines make up a sarcomere?

Answer 62

1.

Question 63

How many Z-lines make up a sarcomere?

Answer 63

2.

Question 64

What are the parts of a sarcomere that are located in an area made up of thin filaments?

Answer 64

- I-band - Z-line - A-band

Question 65

What are the parts of a sarcomere that are located in an area made up of thick filaments?

Answer 65

- M-line - A-band - H-zone

Question 66

What is the part of a sarcomere that is located in an area made up of both actin and myosin filaments?

Answer 66

A-band.

Question 67

What are the parts of a sarcomere that are located in an area made up of only actin filaments?

Answer 67

- I-band - Z-line

Question 68

What is the part of a sarcomere that is located in an area made up of only myosin filaments?

Answer 68

H-zone.