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Second Yr Spring > Animal Science > Flashcards

Animal Science Flashcards

1
Q

AI advantages

A
  • Low cost embryos
  • Large number of embryos for research
  • Beef calves from high yielding dairy cows
  • Twins for increased efficiency
  • Genetic salvage
  • Sexed embryos
  • Ovum pick-up (OPU)
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2
Q

OPU

A

Repeated access to ovaries of superior females, even during early pregnancy, twice weekly
10+ oocytes per session
Can produce high quality embryos in quantity

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3
Q

Sexed Semen

A

Need for replacements (herd expansion), fewer low value dairy bulls

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4
Q

Gene Editing

A

Enables site directed engineering of the genome.

DNA is inserted, deleted, or replaced in the genome of an organism using engineered nucleases or molecular scissors

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5
Q

Ruminants

A
  • Rumen (& reticulum - 1 chamber, occupy most space (fibre digestion)
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum (true stomach - acid digestion)
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6
Q

Monogastrics

A

Single stomach (humans, pigs, poultry)
Need high quality, grain-based diets
Horses are Hind Gut Fermenters

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7
Q

Reproduction Performance

A

Conception rate to first service, pregnancy rate, days to first service

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8
Q

Biosecurity - Bioexclusion & Biocontaminant

A

Bio-exclusion - keeping infectious diseases out of the farm holdings
Bio-contaminants - reducing the threat of infectious diseases inside the farm gate

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9
Q

Thoroughbred

A

Registered racehorse that can trace its ancestry to 1 of 3 foundation stallions and 1 of 30 foundation mares entered in the general studbook

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10
Q

“Land of the Horse”

A

Limestone rich soil
Lush pasture
Mild climate
Ideal location to raise tough, athletic young stock

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11
Q

Spring Calving

A

Low cost of milk production - cheap, abundant grass
Calves bucket fed - sold or kept for beef
Heifers - replacements
Cows out to grass (mid-Jan to mid-Apr)
Breeding begins May 1st
Lactation 300 days

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12
Q

Diet

A

Dry indoors - grass silage only
Calving indoors - grass silage & 4-8kg concentrates
At grass - little to no conc., supplementary Mg to prevent grass tetany

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13
Q

Autumn Calving

A

Low cost of grass
High cost of silage & concentrates
Calving Sept-Dec

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14
Q

Irish Competitive Advantages

A

‘Natural’ extensive system of producing milk & meat

Low cost producer of raw milk

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15
Q

Irish Competitive Disadvantages

A
  • Low milk yield/cow
  • Limited variety of products
  • Seasonal milk
  • Low processing margins
  • Lack of flexibility
  • Heavy reliance on low growth & low margin products (butter, SMP)
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16
Q

Milk Quality

A 
TBC (cleanliness)
SCC (health [mastitis])
Temperature
Antibiotics
Thermoduric bacteria
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17
Q

Prep & Milking

A 
Milk cows w/ clean dry teats only
Ensure clean uncontaminated water available through milking
Check udders for abnormalities
Tails should be clipped 3 times/year
Passageways cleaned daily
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18
Q

Irish Beef Production

A

Grass based beef production
Grazed/ensiled grass accounts for over 80% of feed consumed (DM)
Male cattle mainly finished as steers (600-650kg)

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19
Q

Suckler Beef Production

Dependent on:

A 
Producing high quality animals
Achieving high animal performance
Clearly defined grassland management program
Low production costs
Detailed animal records (ICBF)
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20
Q

Suckler Beef Aims
Progeny have?
Dam is?

A

Progeny have: high growth rates, good conformation, good food conversion efficiency
Dam is: easily maintained, good reproductive performance, good sustainability, satisfactory milk production potential

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21
Q

Management of single suckling systems

A 
Calving date
Getting cows in calf
Feed requirements
Condition scores
Stocking rate/grazing systems
Weaning
Diseases
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22
Q

Establishment of Oestrus Cycles

A

Come back in heat after calving
Beef - 60 days (20-120)
Dairy - 30 days (20-50)

23
Q

Factors Affecting Postpartum Interval (PPI)

A

Maternal offspring bonding
Nutrition (pre and post partum)
Season
Bull effect?

24
Q

Weaning

A

Calf >7months
Gradual removal of cows
Cows - BCS >3
Calves - creep grazing, meal feeding, don’t castrate/dehorn 3-4 wks after
Target weights: Bulls 320kg, Heifers 290kg

25
Q

Calf Rearing Concerns

A

Transition for pre-ruminant to ruminant - ‘Scratch factor’
Avoid disease - colostrum has antibodies to fight disease
Achieve good growth rates - good management, good hygiene

26
Q

Compensatory Growth

A

Rapid increase in the growth rate of an animal relative to age following a period of nutritional restriction

27
Q

Conc Feeding During First Winter

A

70% DMD or higher - 0-0.5kg conc/day
65-70% DMD - 1kg/day
<65% DMD - 2kg/day

28
Q

Sheep
Stocking rate
Litter size

A

SR - ewes/ha 7.3

Litter size - 1.32 lambs/ewe

29
Q

Sheep Culling Reasons

A 
Teeth
Mastitis
Barrenness
Prolapse
Thin ewes - BCS
Foot problems
Production - lamb performance
30
Q

Reproductive Characteristics of Ewes

Puberty, oestrus length, duration, corpus luteum life span, fertilizable life of ova (egg), gestation

A 
Puberty - 6-9 months
Oestrus length - 17 days
Oestrus duration - 24-36 hrs
Corpus luteum lifespan - 14 days
Fertilizable life of ova - 10-25 hrs
Gestation - 147 days
31
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Body formed from the follicle following release of the ova. Produces progesterone to maintain pregnancy

32
Q

Sheep Target BCS

8 wks before mating, at mating, lambing, weaning

A

Before mating - >2.5
At mating - 3.5 (ram 3.5-4)
Lambing - 3
Weaning - 2-2.5

33
Q

Flushing

A

Increase in level of nutrition in the ewe in the weeks prior to breeding
Maximise natural ovulation rate

34
Q

Ram Effect

A 
Isolate ewes from rams
Introduce vasectomised rams
Remove vasectomised rams
Silent heat
Introduce fertile rams
Normal heat peak 1
Normal heat peak 2
Repeat cycle
35
Q

Sponging

A

Placement of an intervaginal sponge containing progestogen (synthetic progesterone)
When sponge is removed, ewes ovulate and show heat within 48 hrs

36
Q

Raddling

A

Device marker placed on rams chest, each time he mates with a ewe, the ewes back is marked
Marker: infertile ewes or rams and estimate lambing date/time
Change colour every 15-17 days (oestrus length)

37
Q

Late pregnancy/Lambing goals

A

Meet energy, protein, vitamin and mineral requirements
Maintain BCS 3
Avoid diseases
Target finishing weight - 40kg

38
Q

Ewe Mortality

A 
Twin Lamb Disease
Milk Fever
Prolapse
Acidosis
Listeriosis
39
Q

Sheep Deficiencies: Energy. Protein, Ca, I, Cu, Se/Vit E, Co

A

Energy - twin lamb disease, poor milk yield, low birth weight lambs
Protein - reduced feed intake, reduced quantity & quality colostrum
Mineral - calcium (milk fever), iodine (reduced heat production), copper (swayback), selenium/vit E & cobalt (reduced lamb vigour)

40
Q

Colostrum

A

Sufficient nutrition to prevent starvation and hypothermia

Passive transfer of immunoglobulins and gut closure, reduces risk of infectious disease

41
Q

LWG in young lamb

A

1:1

Sheeps milk 20% DM

42
Q

Mixed Grazing of Cattle & Sheep

A 
10-15% increase in growth rate in both cattle & sheep
Higher grass output
Better utilisation of grass
10%+ higher stocking rates
Easier to manage pasture
43
Q

Large White

A

Superior growth & litter size
Produces a carcass with 60% lean meat
Puberty >180 days
Litter size 13-15 piglets

44
Q

Landrace

A

Long, quite lean
Prolific, not muscular
Bacon production
Main use: crossing w/ L.W to produce F1 hybrids

45
Q

Advantages of Crossbreds

A 
Improved breed regularity
Improved survival of piglets
Higher milk production
Higher numbers born
Uniform birthweights
46
Q

Duroc

A

Robust, heavy boned
Ability to thrive in a simple farming situation (outdoors)
Improves meat quality (marbling)

47
Q

Pietrain

A

Small & stocky - larger hams, large loin muscles, high % lean meat, light bones and high carcass yields
Less prolific but have greater eye muscle area at 100kg live weight
Used to improve conformation of leaner breeds (Landrace)

48
Q

Pig Gestation

A

115 days

49
Q

Farrowing

A 
Sow restless, mammary glands enlarged
Piglets born every 15 mins
Induce farrowing with prostaglandins
Avoid crushing - weak pigs
Disease - give colostrum after birth
50
Q

Pig Routine Husbandry

A

Tail docking
Tooth clipping
Iron injection
Castration

51
Q

Getting Sow Served

A

When weaned, sow shows heat 5-7 days later
Oestrus lasts 2-3 days
Ovulation occurs 48hrs after onset of heat
Peak fertility when bred 10hrs before ovulation
Serve sows twice
First sign of standing heat & 24hrs later

52
Q

Pig Weaning

A 
3-4 wks old
Go to weaner accommodation
1st stage weaners (7.5kg to 19kg)
2nd stage weaners (19kg to 38kg)
Sent to fattening unit at 11-12 wks
53
Q

Post Weaning Conditions in Pigs

A

Correct diet selection
Adequate feeding routine, water supply
Environment (housing temp 30C)
Correct Stocking Rate at all times

54
Q

Fattening Unit

A

Feed adlib
Weight is 110kg
Paid on the basis of lean meat %

Second Yr Spring (4 decks)

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