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yr.11 Biology > animal systems > Flashcards

animal systems Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Transport system

A

must include ability to reach all cells

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2
Q

components of circulatory system

A

Fluid which materials are transported
system of interconnected blood vessels or spaces through out the body in which fluid moves
Muscular pump, usually heart, that pushes the fluid through the blood vessels or spaces

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3
Q

open circulatory system

A

Fluid circulates freely in body cavity in which it bathes the cells.
fluid called haemolymph because blood mixed wt interstitial fluid
Contraction of one or more muscular hearts pumps haemolymph through open areas into spaces surrounding organs.
relaxation draws haemolymph back to pump from organs
Valves in pores close to prevent back flow of circulating fluid to ensure one-way flow
heart is tubular or sac-like

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4
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

central cavity with single opening that functions to transport and digest substances
Simple organisms have this
diffusion and gastrovascular cavity enough to provide substances needed

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

fluid flows through enclosed vessels
Fluid called blood
interstitial fluid outside enclosed vessels
One or more hearts hump blood into large vessels
smaller vessels are site for diffusion

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6
Q

Single circulatory system

A

contain one circuits
Found in sharks and bony fish
blood pumped to gills
Blood proceeds from gills straight to tissue
one pump, atrium and ventricle

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7
Q

Double circulatory system

A

2 circuits: pulmonary circuit, blood to lungs. Systemic circuit transports oxygenated blood around body and back to heart.
In mammals, no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
in amphibians and reptiles, heart lacks septum therefore 2 atrium 1 ventricle. Oxygenated and deoxygenated slightly mix.

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8
Q

Functions of circulatory system

A

transportation of H20, O2, CO2.
Distribution of nutrients and removal of wastes
maintenance of body temp
Circulation of hormones

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9
Q

blood

A

Plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
considered connective tissue

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10
Q

RBC and O2 transport

A

RBC produced in bone marrow
Nucleus breaks down before release from bone into circulation, making them pliable and elastic to twist and flex when going through vessels, allows more space for O2

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11
Q

haemoglobin

A

Red pigment
allows to carry more O2

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12
Q

Blood and CO2 transport

A

CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, slow reaction, in RBC, enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds up reaction.
Carbonic acid produced diffuses into plasma and carried to lungs, 70% carried in plasma as carbonic acid, 7% as CO2 in plasma, 23% attaches to haemoglobin.

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13
Q

Blood and CO2 transport (at lungs)

A

Carbonic acid turns to CO2 and H2O.
CO2 leaves internal environment of blood to external environment of the lungs where both CO2 and H2O are exhaled.

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14
Q

Heart

A

made of muscle
4 chambers, atria and ventricles

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15
Q

Systemic circulation

A

system of blood vessels that circulate blood to most of the body

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16
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

system of vessels that carries blood to and from the lungs

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17
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

valve between atrium and ventricle

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18
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

between ventricle and pulmonary artery

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19
Q

Aortic valve

A

between aorta and ventricle

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20
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Collect fluid that is pushed out of vessels due to high pressures and rejoins it to the circulatory system.

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21
Q

lymph vessels

A

Have valves
collect lymph

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22
Q

Gas exchange

A

diffusion of O2 from external to the internal environment and diffusion of carbon dioxide from internal to external environment

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23
Q

Surface for gas exchange needs to be

A

moist so gases can dissolve into water and diffuse from one side of the membrane to other
Be thin and permeable, so gas molecules can move across easily and quickly
have large surface area in relation to the volume of the organism, so as to adequately provide the gaseous requirements
Have a greater concentration of gas on one side of the membrane than the other, so that a concentration gradient is maintained
be highly vascularised

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24
Q

Spiracles

A

tracheal system
Opening at body surface leading to trachea
trachea branches into tracheoles, carrying air directly to cells for gas exchange

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25
Gills
in aquatic animals Must have water passing through them dissolved O2 in water rapidly dissolved into bloodstream
26
Alveoli
Lungs in mammals Gas exchange at surface of alveoli Sac-like, air flows into them
27
skin
In amphibians gas dissolves across cell membrane Dense network of capillaries lies below skin
28
gas exchange in amphibians
Tadpole, use gills and skin Adults, use simple lungs and skin, lungs not as good as mammals as diaphragm not as developed, must push air into lungs
29
Gas exchange in mammals
diaphragm contracts to expand the volume of thoracic cavity Rate of breathing controlled mainly in response to CO2 in blood inhalation, diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract Exhalation, diaphragm and most intercostal muscles relax
30
endothermic
Use heat energy generated by own metabolic reactions to maintain internal body temp
31
gas exchange in fish
Gills rely on buoyancy of water, emmerses in water to expand surface area, thus exposes animal’s blood supply to oxygen drenched water. gills rely on water flowing through it Fish can force water out mouth through gills, bigger fish can’t therefore must maintain movement and swim with mouth open Excess CO2 washed away by water
32
operculum
Covering over gills protects gills Moves water into and out of opercular cavity
33
gills
Composed of 2 layers of leaf-like filaments, which project from gill arch upper and lower layer contain gill plates, greatly increasing surface area Gill arch contains an artery bringing deoxygenated blood to gill gill plates have capillaries
34
fish out of water
Gills collapse as air doesn’t have same support as water surface area decreases and gills lose moisture
35
Concurrent flow
water flows in one direction, blood flows in opposite Maximises gas exchange as concentration gradient maintained along whole structure
36
alimentary canals
Specialised pathway food takes in complex animals
37
mechanical digestion
Large pieces of food broken down into smaller pieces through chewing or muscular movement in stomach increases surface area of food exposed to enzymes.
38
Chemical digestion
when enzymes break down complex substances into their simplest forms
39
Ingestion
acquisition of nutrients
40
Digestion
breakdown of complex organic molecules into smaller compounds by mechanical and chemical means
41
Absorption
the taking up of digested molecules into the internal environment of the cells of the digestive tract
42
egestion
The removal of undigested waste food materials from the body
43
gastrovascular
Only one opening simple animals
44
Alimentary canal
mout to anus Passage: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
45
ingestion (steps)
Starts at mouth mechanical and chemical digestion Molars grind food tongue moves food Amylase secreted from salivary glands, chemical breakdown of carbs into simpler carbohydrates
46
digestion and secretion
Once ready for swallowing, food moves to back of mouth, tongue helps push it to oesophagus epiglottis closes off trachea, preventing food from entering trachea Some chemical digestion continues until reaches stomach
47
Peristalsis
Unidirectional muscular contractions that enable food to move down oesophagus
48
in stomach
Potential to stretch significantly mechanical digestion: stomach churns food, allows enzymes easy access Presence of food stimulates secretions of gastric juice from cells lining stomach wall substance contains: mucus, water, hydrochloric acid, pepsin enzyme.
49
Sphincter
regulate movement of food into and out of the stomach When it contracts, openings close
50
in small intestine
Peristalsis required from stomach to small intestine sphincter at bottom of stomach controls how much is entering small intestine Human adult: 7m long, surface are of 4500m squared
51
duodenum
First part of small intestine site of high levels of chemical digestion Secretions from pancreas enter duodenum secretions known as pancreatic juice, contain mixture of enzyme amylase, trypsin and lipase
52
Bile
produced in liver Passes down bile duct into duodenum stored in gall bladder if no food present Mechanical breakdown of fats, emulsifies fats into small droplets
53
lipase
Enzyme produced by pancreas chemically breakdown fat into fatty acids and glycerol
54
Trypsin
enzyme produced by pancreas breaks long-chain polypeptides, breaking them into shorter-chain peptides
55
Erepsin
enzyme produced by pancreas Breakdown shorter peptides into individual amino acids
56
from duodenum
Food enters rest of small intestine digestion of all food nutrients continues Proteins: broken down into amino acids and absorbed into bloodstream Carbohydrates: broken into simple sugars and absorbed into bloodstream
57
Absorption (steps)
smaller products in that (external environment), transported across cell membrane into bloodstream (internal membrane) What is absorbed: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol
58
villi
Lining of small intestine finger like projections Increases surface area rich in blood vessels Glucose, amino acids absorbed into capillary network fatty acids, glycerol enter lymphatic system
59
egestion (steps)
Large intestine: colon and rectum main function: compact undigested food material, absorb water and some salts back into body
60
Colon
bacteria in colon act on undigested material producing vitamin A and K Vitamins absorbed into lining of large intestine peristalsis pushes material into rectum
61
Rectum
storehouse of waste material Waste eliminated from body through Anus
62
faeces
Waste material
63
specialisation of alimentary canal
Diet of animal affects which features are present
64
Dentition
vertebrates Teeth different for diets
65
Herbivores
eat plants, harder to digest Alimentary canal longer than carnivores
66
cellulase
Enzyme to break down cellulose produced by micro-organisms in gut, not alimentary canal
67
Cow
enlarged stomach Abomasum, true stomach ground materials grounded by molars and transported to reticulum, forms a ball of cud, which is regurgitated and chewed again. When cud swallowed, passes into rumen, largest chamber, cud mixes wt cellulose digesting bacteria and saliva.
68
rumen
Fermentation chamber Cellulose chemically digested, releases CO2 and Methane contents of rumen empty out into duodenum via omasum
69
Omasum
soluble products of digestion are absorbed by omasum
70
Carnivores
protein easy to digest therefore shorter alimentary canal and no enzymes in saliva
71
Omnivores
eat plant and animal matter Lack specialised structures of herbivores and carnivores have simple stomachs Intestine larger then carnivores
72
animals without digestive system
Microscopic and simple animals have high surface area to volume ratio Size of cell membrane sufficient to service total volume of cytoplasm relies on diffusion All functions take place inside boundary of cell membrane

yr.11 Biology (8 decks)

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