Animal Transfers + Disease Programs

Question 1

Animal transfer

Answer 1

movement within or between zoos

Question 2

Animal translocation

When is it done?

Answer 2

movement to another geographic location (wild)

Done for stocking for hunting, conservation, repopulation, commercial exploitation

Question 3

Physical restraint advantages (2)

Answer 3

cheap quick

Question 4

Physical restraint disadvantages (4)

Answer 4

Requires experienced keepers Requires physical exertion and force Risk of injury Risk of post capture problems

Question 5

Chemical restraint advantages (5)

Answer 5

Safe for animals Safe for operator Quick Small expense Can vary level of dose = vary level of restraint

Question 6

Chemical restraint disadvantages (5)

Answer 6

Darting accidents expensive when dealing with a large group restricted to vet/under vet supervision can cause injury (pneumonia etc) drugs can be dangerous to operators

Question 7

Mechanical restraint advantages (3)

Answer 7

safe for animal and operator once animal is contained cheap and quick if handling large numbers frequently useful when there is no vet

Question 8

Mechanical restraint disadvantages (3)

Answer 8

Large outlay of finances and human resources

Different facilities needed for different species

Requires animal conditioning

Question 9

Choice of what restraint to use depends on… (4)

Answer 9

Species (size)

Number of individuals

Finances

Physical outlay

Question 10

Using anaesthesia during translocation advantages (2)

Answer 10

safer for animal

Quicker

Question 11

Using anaesthesia during translocation disadvantages (3)

Answer 11

expensive to maintain dose

requires a vet to travel with

complications can arise

Question 12

Translocation preparation

Answer 12

Proposal - outline a goal, what do you want to achieve through reintroduction etc, benefits, impacts, ecological/social/economic impacts

Assess the species

Put a monitoring project in place

Question 13

Assessing a species before translocation (7)

Answer 13

Species biology (interspecific relations, dependencies)

Chosen habitat

Founders (genetic diversity, good health)

Welfare (reduce stress in process)

Disease (consider human pops in the area)

Social feasibility

Compliance with regulations (land uses etc)

Resource availability (money)

Question 14

IUCN principles of preventing disease transmission during translocation

Answer 14

requires quarantine

Question 15

regulations impacting translocations (4)

Answer 15

state/territory legislations (EAPA in NSW)

IATA

EPBC - requires a permit to do any movements

Question 16

Pre transport health checks advantages (3)

Answer 16

prevent disease spread

allows health/fecundity check

ensures animals are fit for survival

Question 17

Pre transport health checks disadvantages (5)

Answer 17

can cause stress

money

physical + possible human/animal injury

desensitisation to humans

can be time consuming if doing large numbers

Question 18

Reintroduction

Answer 18

intentional movement and release into native range from which it has disappeared

Question 19

Advantages of vaccination

Answer 19

prevent animal contracting disease, spread, and zoonoses

Question 20

Disadvantages of vaccination

Answer 20

animal can go into anaphylaxis

may need to capture/restrain animal

Question 21

Why are parasites an issue in zoos?

Answer 21

because animal is in the same place for a long period, and animal density is greater than in the wild

Question 22

Ectoparasite

How to avoid

Answer 22

live on body surface

maintain good animal and enclosure hygiene

regular vet checks

Question 23

Endoparasite

How to avoid

Answer 23

live inside body tissues/gut

diagnosed via faecal/body tissue exam

prevented by faecal exam and night yards

treated with anthelmintic drugs

Question 24

Problems with drugs used to treat endoparasite (2)

Answer 24

drugs are made for livestock, may not work

everyone in the exhibit must recieve the drug to lessen overall egg count

Question 25

Advantages of regular health checks (4)

Answer 25

detect disease early allow treatment collect samples check weights and overall health

Question 26

Disadvantages of regular health checks (3)

Answer 26

causes stress to individuals and others in the enclosure could require anaesthesia may be problems reintroducing animal back into social group

Question 27

Other routine preventative procedures (7)

Answer 27

Quaratine hygiene and enclosure mainenance post mortem and carcass disposal pest and parasite control record keeping (health and deaths) biosecurity ensure water and food quality

Question 28

aims of quarantine (2)

Answer 28

prevent disease spread provides a period where staff can assess baseline behaviour, health, appetite etc

Question 29

Quarantine and stress

Answer 29

after stress of move is gone, staff can assess normal animal husbandry before going into exhibit stress can be a trigger for disease

Question 30

Quarantine period depends on (3)

Answer 30

species country of origin country its going to

Question 31

Importance of post mortem examinations (3)

Answer 31

disease control provide data on health trends influence descisions about living animal care

Question 32

Zoonoses

Answer 32

AKA anthropozoonoses animal diseases that can be transmitted to humans

Question 33

Reverse zoonoses

Answer 33

AKA anthroponosis a disease transmitted from human to animal

Question 34

Common bacterial zoonoses (2)

Answer 34

Turberculosis (inhalation) Salmonella (contaminated food/surfaces, conact with animal/faeces)

Question 35

Common viral zoonoses (3)

Answer 35

Avian influenza/bird flu (direct contact with birds/faeces) Hepatitus (direct contact with body fluids) West Nile Virus (biting insects)

Question 36

Common fungal zoonoses (1)

Answer 36

ring worm (direct contact)

Question 37

What to do if you dont know what the infection is vs if you know (in terms of quarantine)

Answer 37

If infection is not known - reduce contact with animals to a very few If infection is known - quarantine

Question 38

How to avoid zoonoses via faecal contact (4)

Answer 38

regularly remove faeces separate night quarters PPE good hygiene

Question 39

how to avoid zoonoses via biting insects

Answer 39

insectiside or animal flea treatment

Question 40

How to prevent the impact of zoonoses (8)

Answer 40

Good husbandry record keeping animal ID staff training biosecurity enclosure security drainage and waste disposal food/water quality assurance management of pests animal movements within zoo grounds zoo facilities and design must be constructed to best suit biosecurity (e.g. drainage) people control (visitors, contractors, staff) vehicle movement preventative medicine quarantine death post mortem, carcass disposal

Question 41

How to control pest species (3)

Answer 41

maintain hygiene perimeter security (electric fences etc) human pest traps

Question 42

Diseases that can be transmitted via pests (4)

Answer 42

leptospirosis - ticks from rodents lime disease - ticks from rodents salmonella - bacteria from rodents to food sarcocytosis - opossum faecal parasite via cockroaches

Question 43

problems caused by pests (2) - other than disease

Answer 43

compete for resources (food, shelter) predation on eggs or young

Question 44

Importance of biosecurity (5)

Answer 44

keep animals, staff, visitors safe and healthy minimise treatment costs keeps zoo running if an outbreak occurs keeps good reputation assists zoos in managing exotic species