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Animal transport Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

Features of an efficient animal transport system

A

A fluid to carry nutrients, oxygen and waste products.
A pump to create pressure to push fluid around the body.
Exchange surfaces that allow substances to leave and enter.
Vessels to carry blood by mass flow.
Two circuits, one to pick up oxygen and one to deliver it to the tissues.

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2
Q

Single circulatory system (blood pressure)

A

Low pressure throughout. Drops further as blood passes through capillaries.

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3
Q

Single circulatory system (rate of delivery to cells)

A

Rate of O2 delivery and CO2/urea removal is low.

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4
Q

Single circulatory system (metabolism)

A

Low, less active as body temperature is not maintained, eg in fish

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5
Q

Double circulatory system (blood pressure)

A

Pressure kept low in pulmonary circuit.
Heart increases pressure of blood greatly in systemic circuit.

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6
Q

Double circulatory system (rate of delivery)

A

Much faster delivery and removal

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7
Q

Double circulatory system (metabolism)

A

More active animals (mammals) require energy to maintain body temperature.

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8
Q

Open circulatory system

A

-Eg in insects.
-Blood leaves vessels to wash straight over cells.
-Can be aided by body movements, heart-like organs or tubes that direct blood to active areas.

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9
Q

Closed circulatory systems

A

-Blood stays inside the vessels.
-Tissue fluid bathes the cells.
-Higher pressure.
-Faster flow, delivery and removal.
-Transport independent from body movements.

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10
Q

Tunica intima

A

-Endothelium, thin lining of squamous epithelium.
-Rests of elastic fibres.
-Smooth to minimise friction.

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11
Q

Tunica media

A

-Smooth involuntary muscle, collagen and elastic fibres.

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12
Q

Tunica externa

A

-Mainly collagen fibres and elastic tissue.
-Protects vessel from pressure of external organs and the blood inside.

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13
Q

Arteries

A

-Travel away from heart.
-Narrow lumen to increase pressure.
-Lots of elastic tissue which allows the walls to stretch and recoil during surges of blood.
-Smooth muscle that contracts to control the volume of blood.

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14
Q

Arterioles

A

-Smaller vessels that connect arteries to capillaries.
-Pressure lessens.
-Even more smooth muscle than in arteries.

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

-Very small (7.5um diameter) tubes that take blood close to the cells.
-Very thin walls.
-Walls contain fenestration that allow plasma to leave the blood.

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16
Q

Veins

A

-Connected to capillaries by venuoles.
-Pressure inside much lower and walls thinner.
-Much thinner tunica media, lumen wider.
-Veins contain semi-lunar valves that stop blood flowing backwards.

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17
Q

Blood (contents and purpose)

A

-Contains 55% plasma and 45% platelets, RBC’s and WBC’s.
-Brings oxygen to and from respiring cells.
-Transports digested food to storage, hormones, platelets, and waste products to excretory organs.
-Maintains body temperature and pH.

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18
Q

Plasma contents

A

-Dissolved glucose.
-Amino acids.
-Mineral ions.
-Hormones.
-Proteins.

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19
Q

Tissue fluid

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A

-Surrounds cells.
-Similar composition to plasma but without proteins.
-Substances dissolved in plasma can pass through the fenestrations in capillaries into the tissue fluid.

20
Q

Lymph

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A

-Solution inside lymph nodes.
-Has a similar make-up to tissue fluids but has more fats (from digestive system)

21
Q

Oncotic pressure

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A

-Tendency for water to move into the blood by osmosis.
-(-3.3kpa in capillaries.)

22
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

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A

-Pressure blood is under from the contraction of the heart

23
Q

Filtration pressure

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A

-Hydrostatic pressure - oncotic pressure.

24
Q

Filtration pressure (arteriole end of capillaries)

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A

-Hydrostatic pressure is higher (4.6kpa) than oncotic pressure.
-Fluid moves out of capillaries into tissue fluid.
-RBCs and large proteins remain inside.

25
Filtration pressure (venous end of capillaries)
-Hydrostatic pressure lower (2.3kpa), oncotic pressure stronger. -Fluid moves back into capillaries. 90% of the fluid back in the blood.
26
Lymph vessels.
-The remaining 10% of tissue fluid drains into the lymph capillaries. -Less oxygen and fewer nutrients, and contains fatty acids from the villi of the small intestine. -Valves prevent backflow. Eventually fluid re-enters the subclavian vein.
27
Lymph nodes
-Areas along the lymph vessels. -Intercept bacteria for phagocytosis. -Where lymphocytes gather and produce antibodies.
28
Heart layers of tissue
-Epicardium (smooth outer layer.) -Myocardium (thick, muscular cardiac middle layer.) -Endocardium (smooth lining of the heart chambers.)
29
Blood flow in heart
-Deoxygenated blood flows into the right side of the heart (left on diagrams) and pumps it into the lungs. -Oxygenated blood flows into the left side of the heart (right on diagrams) and pumps it into the lungs.
30
Cardiac muscle in the heart
-Myogenic, meaning it naturally contracts and relaxes without a nerve impulse. -In the atria the muscle is very thin as they do not need to create pressure. -In the right ventricle the walls are thicker as they pump blood from the heart to the lungs. -In the left ventricle the walls are 2-3x thicker than the right ventricle as they pump blood around the body. -Formed from long fibres that connect between each other. -Each cell divided into units called sarcomeres, contains numerous mitochondria between the muscle fibres. -Joined by intercalated discs.
31
Atrial systole
-Both atria contract together, pushing blood into the ventricles. -Walls stretch to ensure the ventricles are full of blood. -After atria relax the atrioventricular valves close, preventing blood flowing back into the atria from an area of higher pressure. -Valves held tight by tendinous cords that prevent them being inverted.
32
Ventricular systole
-Both ventricles contract together, pushing blood upwards towards the arteries. -Pressure and volume of blood in the heart is low. -Pressure and volume of blood in the arteries is high. -After the ventricles relax the pressure decreases and the semilunar valves close, pushed by blood collecting in the valve pockets.
33
Diastole
-The walls of all four chambers relax. -Volume increases, blood flows in from the veins (due to low pressure in heart) and moves through the atria into the ventricles. -Valves re-open
34
Heart sounds
-'Lub' occurs when blood is forced against the closed atrio-ventricular valves. -'Dub' occurs when blood closes the semi-lunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery.
35
Electrical signals in the heart
-Begun by sino-atrial node (pacemaker), starts an electrical excitation that causes the atria to contract. -Signal delayed, and is picked up by atrio-ventricular node. -Stimulates bundle of His (conducting tissue made of Purkyne fibres in septums) which splits into two branches. -Spread out through the walls of the ventricles, causing them to contract from the bottom and moving up, so blood is pumped up. -Rhythm measured through a cardiogram.
36
Bradycardia
-Slow heartbeat, less than 60 bpm
37
Tachycardia
-Fast heartbeat, more than 100bpm
38
Ectopic beat
-Extra heartbeat followed by gaps
39
Atrial fibrillation
-Highly irregular rhythm.
40
Red blood cell adaptations
-Biconcave for higher SA -Small -No mitochondria, nucleus or ribosomes. -Filled with haemoglobin. -Have a reversible attachment to oxygen.
41
Haemoglobin quaternery structure
-Globular protein. -Four polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta globin.) -Pack together closely. -Hydrophobic groups point inwards, hydrophilic point outwards. -Each polypeptide has a prosthetic haem group attached that contains Fe2+ -Each Fe2+ molecule can bind to one oxygen molecules. -Each red blood cell can contain 280 million haemoglobin molecules or over a billion oxygen molecules.
42
Partial pressure
-Relative pressure contributes in a range of gases. -Affects the affinity of haemoglobin to associate with and release oxygen.
43
Affinity
-The ability of haemoglobin to bind with oxygen. -In areas of high partial pressure (the lungs) there is a high affinity. In areas of low pressure (the muscles) there is a low affinity, and oxygen leaves the haemoglobin to diffuse into cells. -When resting only 25% of oxygen carried in RBCs is released into body cells.
44
Hydrogen carbonate ion formation
-Carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells. -Carbon dioxide and water combined to form carbonic acid. -CO2 +H2O = H2CO3 -Carbonic acid dissociates to form hydrogen carbonate ions and hydrogen ions. -H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+
45
Chloride shift
-Negatively charged hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-) are transported out of red blood cells via a transport protein. -To prevent an electrical imbalance in the RBC negatively charged chloride ions are transported in. -This is know as chloride shift.
46
Haemoglobonic acid
-Formed from H+ and haemoglobin, has a lower affinity. -Therefore oxygen moves out into muscles.

Biology (9 decks)

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