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Fundamentals of neuroscience > Animal use in research (animal cog) > Flashcards

Animal use in research (animal cog) Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

How many animals are killed anually in the UK:

  • For food
  • As pests
  • By cars
  • By cats
  • Used in research
A
  • For food = 1.3bn
  • As pests = 20 million
  • By cars = 11 million
  • By cats = 11 million
  • Used in research = 4.14 million
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2
Q

How many of the animals below are consumed per person in the UK:

  • Pigs
  • Fish
  • Chickens
  • Sheep
  • Cows
A
  • Pigs = 25
  • Fish = 46
  • Chickens = 1,500
  • Sheep = 18
  • Cows = 6.5
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3
Q

How many animals are used in the UK per person for research?

A
  • 4 mice
  • 1 fish
  • 0.5 rats
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4
Q

What was the total amount of animal experiments in 2017?

A

3.79 million

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the types of animal research conducted in the Uk in 2017?

A
  • Experimental procedures = e.g. surgery, injections, behavioural tests, 1.89 million (50%)
  • Creation/breeding of the genetically altered animals = e.g. knock in and knock out genetic mutations, 1.90 million (50%)
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6
Q

Study the graphs on species of animals in research in the UK - not sure how to put this into a fc

A

Slide 9

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7
Q

Where is the amount of animals tested on in the UK kept?

A

In the annual statistics of scientific procedures on living animals in Great Britain

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8
Q

What are the 6 stages of making a medicine?

A
  • Research
  • Finding new treatments
  • Narrowing the field
  • Clinical trials (3 phases)
  • Approval
  • Life of a medicine (continuous monitoring)
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9
Q

What was animal research like in 1600-1900?

A
  • Smallpox vaccine (cows)
  • Typhoid, cholera, plague vaccines (mice, rats)
  • Rabies vaccine (dogs, rabbits)
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10
Q

What was animal research like in the 1900s?

A
  • Rickets treatment (dogs)
  • Corneal transplants (rabbits)
  • Discovery of vitamin C/Scurvy (guinea pigs)
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11
Q

What was animal research like in 1910-1920s?

A
  • Blood transfusions (dogs, guide pigs, rabbits)
  • Insulin for diabetes (dogs, rabbits, mice)
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12
Q

What was animal research like in the 1930s-1940s?

A
  • Antibiotics - penecillin/streptomycin (mice)
  • Diphtheria vaccine (guinea pigs, rabbits, horses, monkeys)
  • Kidney dialysis (guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs, monkeys)
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13
Q

What was animal research like in 1950-1960s?

A
  • Polio vaccine (mice, monkeys)
  • Kidney transplants (dogs)
  • Heart transplants (dogs)
  • Cardiac pacemakers (dogs)
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14
Q

What was animal research like in 1970-1980s?

A
  • Chemotherapy (mice)
  • Leprosy treatment (armadillos, mice)
  • Asthma inhalers (guinea pigs, rabbits
  • MRI scanning (rabbits, pigs)
  • River blindness treatment (rodents, cows)
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15
Q

What was animal researsch like 1990-2000s?

A
  • HIV combined therapy (mice, monkeys)
  • Meningitis vaccines (mice)
  • Cervical cancer vaccine (rabbits, cows)
  • Parkinson’s deep brain stim (monkeys)
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16
Q

What are some examples of the future of animal research?

A
  • Stem cells for spinal cord, heart repair (mice rats)
  • Alzheimer’s vaccine, gene therapy for muscualr dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell diseease (mice)
  • COVID-19 vaccine, malaria vaccine (mice, monkeys)
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17
Q

What are the annual benefits of animal research?

A

7,000 - artificial heart valve fitted
50,000 - new ppl treated for breast cancer
100,000 - new diabetics using insulin
3,000,000 - opertions w general/local anaesthetic
30,000,000 - prescriptions for asthma
40,000,000 - prescriptions for antibiotics

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18
Q

Name the 7 acts put in place to protect animals:

A
  • 1876 Cuelty to Animals Act
  • 1911 Protections of Animals Act
  • 1966 Venerinary Surgeons Act
  • 1981 The Animal Health Act
  • 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act
  • 1986 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (ASPA)
  • 1997 Welfare of Animals (Transport) Order
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19
Q

What was the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act for?

A

Licensing & regulation of experiments

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20
Q

What was the 1911 Protection of Animals Act?

A

Protection of both domestic & captive animals against acts of cruelty

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21
Q

What was the 1966 Veterinary Surgeons Act?

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A

Only a qualified veterinary surgeon registered with the RCVS can carry out diagnosis, medical and surgical treatments

22
Q

What was the 1981 The Animal Health Act?

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A

Porvides for disease prevention & containment in animals; protection against spread of disease e.g. foot and mouth

23
Q

What was the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act?

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A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

24
Q

What is a procedure?

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A

Anything that might cause:
- Pain
- Distress
- Suffering
- Lasting harm

25
What are the 4 levels of procedures that can happen?
- Non-recovery - Mild - Moderate - Severe
26
What is a non-recovery procedure?
Procedure that is performed general anaethesia from which the animal will not recover conciousness
27
What is a mild procedure?
- Procedure that will likely cause short-term, mild pain, suffering or distress to an animal - No significant impairment of their overall wellbeing or condition
28
What is a moderate procedure?
- Procedure that will likely cause short-term moderate pain, suffering or distress to an animal, or long-lasting mild pain, suffering or distress - Cause moderate impairment of their wellbeing condition
29
What is a severe procedure?
- Procedure that will likely cause severe pain, suffering or distress to an animal, or long-lasting moderate pain sufferingor distres - Cause severe impairment of their wellbeing and condition
30
What is procedure severity?
The maximum levle of suffering experienced by an animal during an experimental procedure
31
What % of each severity of procedure is done in animal testing?
- Mild = 50% - Moderate = 26% - Severe = 5% - Sub-threshold = 11% - Non-recovery = 7%
32
What was the APSA 1986 underlying principles?
Animals bred, supplied and used for scientific procedures are cared for in accordance with the best standards of modern animal husbandry
33
What are the 3Rs for the APSA 1986 underlying principles?
- Reduction - Refinement - Replacement
34
What is reduction in the 3Rs?
- Reduce the no. animals involved to a minimum - e.g. methods that enable more data to be gained from a single animal
35
What is refinement in the 3Rs?
- Refine the procedures to minimise any suffering caused - e.g. handling mice in tubes
36
What is replacement in the 3Rs?
- Use different methods that replace the need for animals - e.g. computational modelling and post-mortem histology tissue
37
What are the 3 purposes of procedures?
- Basic --> 55% - Translational/applied --> 17% - Regulatory --> 27% (Other = 1%)
38
What are basic procedures?
Add to our knowledge of the normal & abnormal strucutre, functioning and bheaviour of living orgnaisms & the environment
39
What are translational/applied procedures?
Address human or animal health or disease
40
What are regulatory procedures?
To satisfy legal requirements, including; - Ensuring substances are produced to legal specification - Evaluating the safety or effectiveness of pharmecuticals and other chemicals
41
Name 2 ways which the testing of cosmetics has been regulated:
- 1998 = testing of cosmetic ingredients banned in the UK - 2013 = EU full ban on cosmetic testing on animals
42
What are the 3 licences required for animal testing?
- Establishment licence - Project licence - Personal licence (AWERB must approve too) No research can be given a licence if there is a practical alternative to research
43
What is an establishment licence?
Authorises the premises/establishment where research is carried out
44
What is a project licence?
Authorises the need for the project & each experimental technique to be performed
45
What is a personal licence?
Authorises the person conducting the experiment
46
What is the AWERB?
Animal welfare and ethical review board
47
Who is on the AWERB?
- Establishment licence holder (chair) - Director of the Biomedical Services Unit - Named Veterinary Surgeon - Academic members of staff w experience of biomedical research involving animals - Academic members of staff not involved in biomed research onvolving animals - Lay members
48
What does the AWERB ethical review require?
- That all ALTERNATIVES to the use of animals have been investigated before proposing the use of animals for experimental research - Potential benefits of the research are justified against the likely COST to the animals; includes justification of the choice of speices & no. animals used - All aspects of the CARE & use of animals follow accepted best practice guidelines
49
What does the application for a project licence require?
- Defines specific objectives - Itemises the benefits - Putlines 'Plan of Work' - Details & justifies experimental protocols - Sets the severity limits for procedures & the project
50
How is the justification of animal numbers calculated?
- Minimum no. animals req to achieve a statistically sig outcome - Not too many, but not too few - Perform a power calc to determine the no. animals req --> Req knowledge of the effect size & natural variability in the animals
51
What does a personal licence req to acquire?
- Req appropriates prior education --> GCSE/A level/degree - Training course --> Theoretical & practical skills taught & examined - Supervision from senior colleagues
52
How is annual reporting on animal testing done?
- HOME OFFICE publishes stats on the no. and species of animals used in scientific procedures - PROJECT LICENCE HOLDER has to provide details of the no. animals they have used & why - Home office website publishes details of successful applications for project licences

Fundamentals of neuroscience (38 decks)

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