Animals Flashcards
(63 cards)
1
Q
cell
A
-basic membrane bound unit
- has the fundamental molecules of life
- is the thing that all living organisms are composed of
2
Q
tissue
A
- group of cells that have similar structure that function together as a unit
3
Q
organ
A
- collection of tissues that structurally form a unit that is specialized to perform a particular a particular function
4
Q
system
A
- group of organs working together to perform a specific function
5
Q
invertebrate
A
animals that don’t have a vertebrate
6
Q
Vertebrate
A
- animals that have a vertebrate
7
Q
what are animals
A
- heterotrophic
- multicellular
- eukaryotic
- lack of cell walls
- have muscle tissue
- mostly reproduce sexually
8
Q
how did animals evolve
A
probably evolved from colonial, flagellated protists
9
Q
what are the 3 types of body plan
A
- body symmetry (bilateral, radial, asymmetrical)
- extent of cell organization
- presence of a coelom
10
Q
what is a colem
A
internal body cavity lined by mesoderm
11
Q
radial symmetry
A
symmetry around a central axis
12
Q
bilateral symmetry
A
symmetry in the middle making two identical halves
13
Q
asymmetrical
A
no symmetry
14
Q
segmentation
A
refers to the division of a body part into segments
15
Q
level of cell organization
A
- atoms
- molecules
- cells
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
16
Q
what are the layers of body tissue
A
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- endoderm
17
Q
how does the coelom form
A
-inside is the digestive tube
- next layer is endoderm
- mesoderm
- coelom
- mesoderm
ectoderm
18
Q
Order of evolution in the Kingdom Animalia
A
- Phylum Porifera
- phylum Cnidaria
- phylum Platehelminthes
- Phylum Nematoda
- phylum annelida,
- phylum Mollusca
- phylum Echinodermata
- phylum Arthropoda
- phylum chordata
19
Q
Phylum porifera example and body plan
A
- example: sponges
- sessile
- asymmetrical
- no tissue or organs
- just 3 types of cell surround spongocoel (epithelial, collar, and amoeboid cells)
20
Q
sessile
A
do not move
21
Q
what do amoeboid cells form
A
skeleton of calcium carbonate and silica
22
Q
how do phylum porifera eat
A
- collar cells ingest
- amoeboid cells digest and distribute nutrients
23
Q
how do phylum porifera breathe
A
- pores allow water to move in
- osculum moves water out
- flagella of collar cell maintain flow
- oxygen is absorbed
- wastes are removed
24
Q
how do phylum porifera reproduce
A
- asexual: by budding
- sexual: sponges are hermaphrodites. they release egg & sperm in water
- fertilization is external
25
hermaphrodites
has both female and male reproductive organs
26
Phylum Cnidaria example and body plan
- example: hydra, jellyfish, corals
- radially symmetrical
- 2 layers: ectoderm and gastroderm which are separated by mesoglea
- have nematocysts that release toxins to paralyze prey
have basic muscle and nervous tissue
27
what is mesoglea
jelly-like material that forms a fluid skeleton
28
how do phylum cnidaria eat and breathe
- have a mouth that also functions as an anus
- a gastro-vascular cavity that helps in digestion, circulation, & gas exchange
- catch small organisms with their tentacles, paralyze them and take them into gastrovascular cavity
29
how do phylum cnidaria reproduce
- life cycle consists of two stages
- sessile polyp: can produce other polyp or medusae by budding
- free swimming medusae release egg or sperm
- external fertilization produces a free swimming planula that settles down to produce a polyp
30
examples and body plan of phylum platehelminthes
- also known as the flatworms
- examples: tapeworms, flukes
- bilaterally symmetrical
- basic digestive system, muscle & nervous tissue
flat but have 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm)
- no coelom yet
31
characteristics of phylum platehelminthes
- live in fresh water and feed on small animals with their mouth
- parasitic worms
absorb food through their body wall
- have a gastrovascular cavity
- no anus meaning waste is excreted from the mouth
- no coelom
32
parasitic worms
have suckers
- - suckers help them attach to the host
- are covered with a cuticle
- cuticle protects them from being digested
33
Phylum Nematoda
- known as round worms
- scavengers or parasites
- scavengers live in soil and bottoms of lakes
- have anus
- have a pseudocoelom
34
what is a pseudocelom
a body cavity not lined by mesoderm
- acts like a hydrostatic skeleton
35
benefits of phylum nematoda
used as - biological pesticides
- keep friendly bacteria in their intestines
36
examples and body plan of phylum annelida
- known as the segmented worms
- example: sandworms, earthworms and leeches
- bilaterally symmetrical
- have a coelomate
- body divided into segments
- segments are identical in structure, allow them to grow in size, and helps them move
- have a simple and complete digestive system
- breathe through there skin
37
characteristics of phylum annelida
- closed circulatory system with blood vessels
- 5 blood vessels surrounding esophagus are the 5 hearts
- are hermaphrodites but can't fertilize themselves
- basic brain and basic kidneys
38
benefits of phylum annelida
leech therapy
vermiculture (worm poop)
39
examples and body plan of phylum mollusca
- example: slugs, squids, octopi
- bilaterally symmetrical
- body made up of foot, mantle and visceral mass
-no skeleton has a shell made of calcium carbonate (reduced to an internal rod in squids)
- hemocoel is in a small space around the heart
- open circulatory system
- some blood runs through the vessels, rest is in sinuses (pools)
- have 3 chambered hearts (2 atria and 1 ventricle
40
what is the foot
muscular structure used for movement and feeding
41
what is the mantle
thin layer of tissue that covers the gills and secretes the calcium carbonate shell
42
what is the visceral mass
contains the digestive, respiratory, reproductive & excretory systems
43
example and characteristics of phylum echinodermata
- example: sea stars, sea urchins
- radial symmetry
- no cephalization
- slow moving
- endoskeleton made of calcium plates
- soft gills
- reproduce sexually
44
examples and characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
- example: all insects, butterflies
- segmented bodies (head, thorax, & abdomen
- exoskeleton made of chitin, rigid, hinders gas exchange and growth
- gills and trachea help with gas exchange
- molting is needed for growth
- hemocoel
- hemolymph which is insect blood
45
metamorphosis
change of shape & diet in life cycle
- only seen in class insecta in phylum arthropoda
46
what are one pair of legs per segment called
centipede
47
what are two pairs of legs per segment called
- millipede
48
key features of the chordates
- vertebrates
- hollow nerve chord (becomes spinal cord and brain)
dorsal supporting rod-like structure called notochord which becomes discs in vertebral column in humans
- gill slits will become lungs
- two pairs of appendages
- a skull with a large brain
- 2 layered skin with many accessory structures (glands, scales, feathers, hair, horns etc.)
49
classification of the chordates
- early chordates were lancelets (look like fish) and tunicates (resemble sponges)
- now 7 classes
1. class agnatha
2. class Chondrichthyes
3. class Osteichthyes
4. amphibians
5. reptiles
6. brids
7. mammals
50
class agnatha
lampreys - external parasites (attach to larger fish with suckers and feed on blood and body fluids
hagfish - eat small worms and are scavengers
- lack paired appendages/fins
- have sucker for mouth
- breathe through gills
- have cartilaginous skeletons
51
class chondrichthyes
- example: sharks, rays
- 2 pairs of fins (pectoral and pelvic fins
- cartilaginous skeleton
52
what are the 3 types of sharks
- viviparous
- oviparous
- ovoviviparous
53
class osteichthyes
- young fish have cartilaginous skeleton; adults have bone skeleton
- can breathe without moving due to the operculum
- swim bladders suspend them in water
- fertilization is external
54
what is operculum
bony plate that covers the gills
- water enters through mouth over the gills
55
class amphibia
- example: frogs, toads
- evolutionary link between water and land
- eggs have no shell
- skin is very thin
- need moist environment
- metamorphosis
- larvae breathe through gills
- adults through lungs
- 3 chambered heart
- fertilization is both internal and external
56
class reptilia
- example: turtles, tortoises, snakes, lizards
- terrestrial
- scaly skin (prevents gas exchange)
- turtle & tortoise have bony plates of amour
- breathe through lungs
- heat with 3 partially separated 3rd chamber
- eggs with hard shells
- some oviparous (turtles); some viviparous (snakes)
- fertilization is internal
57
which animals are ectotherms
- invertebrates
- fish
- amphibians
- reptiles
58
class birds
- endotherms
- feathers evolved from scales
- hollow bones to help with flight
- lungs connected to air sacs
- 4 chambered heart
- oviparous
- eggs have hard shells
- internal fertilization
59
class mammalia
- endotherms
- body covered in hair
- produce milk and feed young
- 4 chambered heart
- breathe through lungs
- internal fertilization
- divided into 3 groups based on how they give birth
60
what are the 3 grouped that Mammalia are divided into based on how they give birth
- monotremes
- marsupials
-placentals
61
class mammalia monotremes
- lay eggs
- only two species exist (platypus and spiny anteater)
62
class mammalia marsupials
- Examples: kangaroo, koala
- young are born at very early stage and finish development in mother's pouch
63
class mammalia placentals
-examples: dogs, cats, humans
- incubate young in uterus until they are more developed
