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bio 141 Q1 > animals and energy use > Flashcards

animals and energy use Flashcards

1
Q

levels of organization

A

Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

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2
Q

cells are grouped into

A

tissues

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3
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous

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4
Q

epithelial tissues

A

barrier and exchange with environment (external and internal)

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5
Q

connective tissues

A

connects things together

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6
Q

why are connective cells widely separated?

A

they have lots of extracellular matrix (material excreted by cells (jelly and fibrous))

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7
Q

loose connective tissue

A

holds organs in place

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8
Q

fibrous connective tissue

A

functions as cables

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9
Q

cartilage is a type of …. that…

A

connective tissue; strong and flexible support

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10
Q

bone is a type of … that…

A

connective tissue; support and movement

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11
Q

adipose is a type of … that…

A

connective tissue, energy storage (fat)

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12
Q

blood is a type of … that…

A

connective tissue; connects entire body

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13
Q

muscle tissue:

A

responsible for movement, internal and external (built of actin and myosin filaments)

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14
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

oSkeletal muscle: enable body movement (CONSCIOUS)
oSmooth muscle: internal organ movement (UNCONSCIOUS)
oCardiac muscle: walls of the heart (UNCONSCIOUS)

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15
Q

nervous tissue:

A

carries electrical signals

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16
Q

nervous tissue is made of

A

oNeurons: transmit nerve impulses
oGlial cells: support and nourish neurons

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17
Q

organs are made of

A

several types of tissues that work together for a common function

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18
Q

regulating an internal variable

A

controls an internal variable no matter what is happening in the environment

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19
Q

conforming an internal environment

A

-Internal variable changes based on environment
-Less disruptive if environment does not change much

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20
Q

Homeostasis: negative feedback

A

Keeps things the same
Process that undo change
 Process turns itself off (like a thermostat when the temp is right)
Very useful in homeostasis

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21
Q

Homeostasis: positive feedback

A

Changes things quickly
Not used in homeostasis

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22
Q

Homeostasis: thermoregulation

A

 Controlling body temperature
Endothermic organisms generate most heat internally from metabolism
 Ectothermic organisms absorb most heat from environment

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23
Q

advantage of endotherms

A

stable internal temp

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24
Q

disadvantage of endotherms

A

require a lot of energy

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25
Q

advantage of ectotherms

A

very efficient (requires less energy and food)

26
Q

disadvantage of ectotherms

A

temperature extremes cause problems

27
Q

thermoregulation: insulation

A

reduces flow of heat (coming in and going out) with environment

28
Q

thermoregulation: circulatory adaptations

A

Control amount of blood near body surface
-Increase blood flow to dump body heat
-Decrease blood flow to conserve body heat

29
Q

thermoregulation: evaporation

A

Water absorbs lots of heat when it evaporates

30
Q

thermoregulation: behavioral changes

A

oWarm or cool body by changing location/position
oDone both endotherms and ectotherms
oSocial organisms cluster together for warmth
oOrganisms seek out sun/shade
oOrganisms hibernate during cold temperatures

31
Q

thermoregulation: adjust metabolism

A

oMovement generates heat
oShivering increases movement and produces heat
oInsects move wings muscles to generate heat before take off
oUse significant amounts of energy

32
Q

metabolic rate

A

total energy used in a given amount of time

33
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

minimum energy use required to stay alive

34
Q

endotherms use addition energy to make

A

heat

35
Q

metabolic rate is proportional to mass

A

Bigger organisms have higher metabolism since larger size requires more energy

36
Q

Metabolism per UNIT mass

A

*Smaller animals use more energy per unit mass
oRequire more oxygen
oFaster breathing and heart rate
*Smaller animals must eat more food for their size
oSome shrews must eat almost constantly

37
Q

Torpor

A

decreased activity and metabolism to conserve energy

38
Q

Complete digestive tract

A

-tube that extends through an organism
Has 2 openings
Tube is continuous with outside of body

39
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Digestive enzymes can be excreted into the tube without harming the animal

40
Q

food processing

A

Ingestion: food taken into body
Digestion: breaking down food
Absorption: nutrients are taken into cells
Elimination: get rid of non-absorbed materials

41
Q

Digestive organs are arranged along the

A

alimentary canal

42
Q

order of digestive organs

A

mouth, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

43
Q

mouth: salivary glands

A

-release saliva
oChemical digestion
oAmylase in saliva cuts starch and glycogen chains into smaller pieces
oMucous in saliva makes food easier to swallow
*Food is clumped into a bolus

44
Q

stomach: secretes…

A

digestive juice (pepsinogen: inactive protein digesting enzyme)

45
Q

digestive juice: acid starts conversion of

A

pepsinogen into active pepsin which coverts more oeosinogen

46
Q

where does protein digestion begin?

A

stomach

47
Q

the acids in the stomach ___ proteins

A

denature

48
Q

in the ____, acid is neutralized with ____

A

small intestine; bicarbonate

49
Q

digestive enzymes excreted into small intestine (4)

A

-Amylase: continues starch and glycogen breakdown
-Trypsin and chymotrypsin: continue protein breakdown
-Nucleases: begin DNA and RNA digestion
-Lipase: breaks down fat

50
Q

the liver releases _____ stored in the _____

A

bile; gallbladder

51
Q

increased surface area of cell leads to

A

fast nutrient absorption

52
Q

large intestine is made of

A

cecum and colon

53
Q

cecum:

A

POUCH with bacteria (it is larger in herbivores)

54
Q

colon:

A

reabsorbs most remaining water (or we would have to drink tons everyday)

55
Q

what makes gas?

A

when bacteria breaks down (indigestible) food for energy

56
Q

*Body must obtain energy & molecules from

A

from food

57
Q

food is broken down by steps in different

A

organs

58
Q

enzymes take apart large molecules in

A

food

59
Q

smalle intestine absorbs

A

nutrients

60
Q

water used in the process is

A

reabsorbed

61
Q

unused food is

A

expelled

bio 141 Q1 (22 decks)

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