Animals cells: structures and organelles

Question 1

Cell from the Latin “cella” meaning…

Answer 1

small chamber

Question 2

refers more specifically to the individual units of living structure…

Answer 2

cell

Question 3

the functional unit of all animals life.

Answer 3

cell

Question 4

properties of the cell are equated with those of life. Therefore, the properties include…

Answer 4

Homeostasis
growth
reproduction
absorption
metabolism
secretion
irritability
conductivity
contractility

Question 5

the last two characteristics, however, are not properties of all cells.

Answer 5

conductivity and contractility

Question 6

an important functional characteristics of both nerve and muscle cells

Answer 6

conductivity

Question 7

a property of muscle cells.

Answer 7

contractility

Question 8

is the tendency for living things to attempt to maintain a state of relative stability.

Answer 8

homeostasis

Question 9

increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal is called

Answer 9

hypertrophy

Question 10

is increase in size

Answer 10

growth

Question 11

an increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in the number of cells is callled

Answer 11

hyperplasia

Question 12

a decrease in size from normal is called

Answer 12

atrophy

Question 13

failure of a tissue or organ to develope is called

Answer 13

aplasia

Question 14

incomplete development or defective development of a tissue or organ is called

Answer 14

hypoplasia

Question 15

implies the ability to produce more cells or more organisms that are essentially the same as the original.

Answer 15

reproduction

Question 16

the process of taking dissoloved materials or water through the cell membrane into the substance of the cell

Answer 16

absorption

Question 17

absorption can be:

Answer 17

passive process and active process

Question 18

dependent on the forces of diffusion and osmosis

Answer 18

passive process

Question 19

requiring the expenditure of energy from adenosine triphosphate…

Answer 19

active process

Question 20

extracellular materialsmay enter a cell.

Answer 20

endocytosis

Question 21

if a large amount of particulate material is endocytosed by ameboid movements of a cell, the process is more specifically termed…

Answer 21

phagocytosis

Question 22

and cells capable of taking in large amounts of material are called…

Answer 22

phagocytes

Question 23

are specialized membrane vesicles that contain enzymes, also produced within the cell.

Answer 23

lysosomes

Question 24

most type of cells are capable of endocytosing small amounts of fluid containing dissolved particles. This type of endocytosis is termed…

Answer 24

pinocytosis

Question 25

refers to the sum total of the physical and biochemical reactions occuring in each cell and therefore in the entire animal.

Answer 25

metabolism

Question 25

reactions that build and maintain cellular components are called

Answer 25

anabolic

Question 26

those that breakdown cellular components or constituents are called

Answer 26

catabolic

Question 27

The secretion of products synthesized by the cell into the extracellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds the cells occurs by... (essentially the opposite of endocytosis)

Answer 27

exocytosis

Question 28

also called excitability

Answer 28

irritability

Question 28

the property of being able to react to a stimulus.

Answer 28

irritability

Question 29

the property of transmitting an electrical impulse from one point in the cell to another.

Answer 29

conductivity

Question 30

the ability to shorten in one direction.

Answer 30

contractility

Question 31

are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

Answer 31

animal cells

Question 32

the basic unit of life

Answer 32

cell

Question 33

the contents of a cell are called

Answer 33

protoplasm

Question 34

the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell.

Answer 34

cell membrane

Question 35

the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles located

Answer 35

cytoplasm

Question 36

a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. Where microtubules are made.

Answer 36

centrosome

Question 37

a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus

Answer 37

golgi apparatus

Question 38

round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes.

Answer 38

lysosome

Question 39

the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

Answer 39

nuclear membrane

Question 40

spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleulos.

Answer 40

nucleus

Question 41

small organelles composed of rna-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.

Answer 41

ribosome

Question 42

a vast system of interconnected, membranous, enfolded and convuled sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm.

Answer 42

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 43

a vast system of interconnected, membranous, enfolded and convulated tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm.

Answer 43

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 44

fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside the cell.

Answer 44

vacuoles

Question 45

each cell is about ______% of water

Answer 45

60-65%

Question 46

is by far the largest constituent of protoplasm, which is largely a colloidal suspension in..

Answer 46

water

Question 47

the largest constituent of protoplasm. Are complexhigh-molecular weight colloidal molecules...

Answer 47

protein

Question 48

a small chain of amino acids is called...

Answer 48

peptide

Question 49

the simple proteins, and examples of each are as follows:

Answer 49

1. Albumins (plasma albumin, milk lactalbumin) 2. Globulins (plasma globulins, globulins in plant seeds) 3. Protamines (in sperm cells) 4. Histones (with nucleoproteins in cell nuclei) 5. Albuminoids (collagen and elastin of connective tissue)

Question 50

reactive proteins include:

Answer 50

enzymes, protein hormones, histones, and contractile proteins.

Question 51

most proteins can be classified as:

Answer 51

structural proteins or as reactive proteins.

Question 52

consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen...

Answer 52

lipids

Question 53

are chains of covalently bound carbon atoms with hydrogen attached.

Answer 53

fatty acids

Question 54

if each carbon atom has four single covalent bonds, the fatty acid is...

Answer 54

saturated

Question 55

if any carbon atom has fewer than four single covalent bonds the fatty acid is...

Answer 55

unsaturated

Question 56

derived from fatty acids are produced by a variety of cells throughout

Answer 56

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

Question 57

consist of a glycerole molecule with three fatty acids attached.

Answer 57

triglycerides

Question 58

This detachment is the function of enzymes known as

Answer 58

lipases

Question 59

for transport, they are combined with other lipids and proteins into relatively large particles known as

Answer 59

lipoproteins

Question 60

are similar to triglycerides except that a molecule containing a phosphate group has replaced one of the three fatty acids.

Answer 60

phospholipids

Question 61

are lipids in which the carbon atoms are connected in ring structures.

Answer 61

steroids

Question 62

is a steroid, and most of the steroids found in animals are...

Answer 62

cholesterol

Question 63

are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Answer 63

carbohydrates

Question 64

is a source of cell energy

Answer 64

glucose

Question 65

the enzymatic pathway that metabolizes glucose to produce energy is...

Answer 65

glycolysis

Question 66

the sugar deoxyribose is found in combination with a base and a phosphate, forming...

Answer 66

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 67

the carrier of all genetic information from generation to generation and from cell to cell

Answer 67

DNA

Question 68

includes the sugar ribose combined with a base and a phosphate.

Answer 68

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 69

an any molecular substance that in solution dissociates into its electrically charged components called IONS

Answer 69

electrolyte

Question 70

the division of somatic cells to produce two daughter cells, includes the duplication of genetic material for each daughter cell.

Answer 70

mitosis

Question 71

the period between active cell divisions is the...

Answer 71

interphase

Question 72

the first of the active phases, is characterized by condensation of chromatin into twisted filamentous

Answer 72

prophase

Question 73

microtubules become organized and arranged in fan shape, radiating outward from the centrioles...

Answer 73

mitotic spindle

Question 74

the period when the nuclear envelope and nucleolus totally disappear.

Answer 74

metaphase

Question 75

the stage in which each centromere divides , separating the two chromatids

Answer 75

anaphase

Question 76

begins when half of the chromosomes have been drawn by the microtubules to each pole of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of daughter chromosomes...

Answer 76

telophase

Question 77

the division of the cytoplasm is called...

Answer 77

cytokinesis

Question 78

differs from mitosis in a number of ways. It occurs during gametogenesis

Answer 78

meiosis

Question 79

the formation of ova in the female

Answer 79

oogenesis

Question 80

spermatozoa in male

Answer 80

spermatogenesis