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physiology > Animals cells: structures and organelles > Flashcards

Animals cells: structures and organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Cell from the Latin “cella” meaning…

A

small chamber

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2
Q

refers more specifically to the individual units of living structure…

A

cell

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3
Q

the functional unit of all animals life.

A

cell

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4
Q

properties of the cell are equated with those of life. Therefore, the properties include…

A

Homeostasis
growth
reproduction
absorption
metabolism
secretion
irritability
conductivity
contractility

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5
Q

the last two characteristics, however, are not properties of all cells.

A

conductivity and contractility

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6
Q

an important functional characteristics of both nerve and muscle cells

A

conductivity

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7
Q

a property of muscle cells.

A

contractility

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8
Q

is the tendency for living things to attempt to maintain a state of relative stability.

A

homeostasis

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9
Q

increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal is called

A

hypertrophy

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10
Q

is increase in size

A

growth

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11
Q

an increase in the size of a structure due to an increase in the number of cells is callled

A

hyperplasia

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12
Q

a decrease in size from normal is called

A

atrophy

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13
Q

failure of a tissue or organ to develope is called

A

aplasia

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14
Q

incomplete development or defective development of a tissue or organ is called

A

hypoplasia

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15
Q

implies the ability to produce more cells or more organisms that are essentially the same as the original.

A

reproduction

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16
Q

the process of taking dissoloved materials or water through the cell membrane into the substance of the cell

A

absorption

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17
Q

absorption can be:

A

passive process and active process

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18
Q

dependent on the forces of diffusion and osmosis

A

passive process

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19
Q

requiring the expenditure of energy from adenosine triphosphate…

A

active process

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20
Q

extracellular materialsmay enter a cell.

A

endocytosis

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21
Q

if a large amount of particulate material is endocytosed by ameboid movements of a cell, the process is more specifically termed…

A

phagocytosis

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22
Q

and cells capable of taking in large amounts of material are called…

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

are specialized membrane vesicles that contain enzymes, also produced within the cell.

A

lysosomes

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24
Q

most type of cells are capable of endocytosing small amounts of fluid containing dissolved particles. This type of endocytosis is termed…

A

pinocytosis

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25
Q

refers to the sum total of the physical and biochemical reactions occuring in each cell and therefore in the entire animal.

A

metabolism

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25
Q

reactions that build and maintain cellular components are called

A

anabolic

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26
Q

those that breakdown cellular components or constituents are called

A

catabolic

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27
Q

The secretion of products synthesized by the cell into the extracellular fluid (ECF) that surrounds the cells occurs by… (essentially the opposite of endocytosis)

A

exocytosis

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28
Q

also called excitability

A

irritability

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28
Q

the property of being able to react to a stimulus.

A

irritability

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29
Q

the property of transmitting an electrical impulse from one point in the cell to another.

A

conductivity

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30
Q

the ability to shorten in one direction.

A

contractility

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31
Q

are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

A

animal cells

32
Q

the basic unit of life

A

cell

33
Q

the contents of a cell are called

A

protoplasm

34
Q

the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell.

A

cell membrane

35
Q

the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles located

A

cytoplasm

36
Q

a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. Where microtubules are made.

A

centrosome

37
Q

a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus

A

golgi apparatus

38
Q

round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes.

A

lysosome

39
Q

the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

A

nuclear membrane

40
Q

spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleulos.

A

nucleus

41
Q

small organelles composed of rna-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis.

A

ribosome

42
Q

a vast system of interconnected, membranous, enfolded and convuled sacks that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm.

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

a vast system of interconnected, membranous, enfolded and convulated tubes that are located in the cell’s cytoplasm.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside the cell.

A

vacuoles

45
Q

each cell is about ______% of water

A

60-65%

46
Q

is by far the largest constituent of protoplasm, which is largely a colloidal suspension in..

A

water

47
Q

the largest constituent of protoplasm. Are complexhigh-molecular weight colloidal molecules…

A

protein

48
Q

a small chain of amino acids is called…

A

peptide

49
Q

the simple proteins, and examples of each are as follows:

A
  1. Albumins (plasma albumin, milk lactalbumin)
  2. Globulins (plasma globulins, globulins in plant seeds)
  3. Protamines (in sperm cells)
  4. Histones (with nucleoproteins in cell nuclei)
  5. Albuminoids (collagen and elastin of connective tissue)
50
Q

reactive proteins include:

A

enzymes, protein hormones, histones, and contractile proteins.

51
Q

most proteins can be classified as:

A

structural proteins or as reactive proteins.

52
Q

consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…

A

lipids

53
Q

are chains of covalently bound carbon atoms with hydrogen attached.

A

fatty acids

54
Q

if each carbon atom has four single covalent bonds, the fatty acid is…

A

saturated

55
Q

if any carbon atom has fewer than four single covalent bonds the fatty acid is…

A

unsaturated

56
Q

derived from fatty acids are produced by a variety of cells throughout

A

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

57
Q

consist of a glycerole molecule with three fatty acids attached.

A

triglycerides

58
Q

This detachment is the function of enzymes known as

A

lipases

59
Q

for transport, they are combined with other lipids and proteins into relatively large particles known as

A

lipoproteins

60
Q

are similar to triglycerides except that a molecule containing a phosphate group has replaced one of the three fatty acids.

A

phospholipids

61
Q

are lipids in which the carbon atoms are connected in ring structures.

A

steroids

62
Q

is a steroid, and most of the steroids found in animals are…

A

cholesterol

63
Q

are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

A

carbohydrates

64
Q

is a source of cell energy

A

glucose

65
Q

the enzymatic pathway that metabolizes glucose to produce energy is…

A

glycolysis

66
Q

the sugar deoxyribose is found in combination with a base and a phosphate, forming…

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

67
Q

the carrier of all genetic information from generation to generation and from cell to cell

A

DNA

68
Q

includes the sugar ribose combined with a base and a phosphate.

A

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

69
Q

an any molecular substance that in solution dissociates into its electrically charged components called IONS

A

electrolyte

70
Q

the division of somatic cells to produce two daughter cells, includes the duplication of genetic material for each daughter cell.

A

mitosis

71
Q

the period between active cell divisions is the…

A

interphase

72
Q

the first of the active phases, is characterized by condensation of chromatin into twisted filamentous

A

prophase

73
Q

microtubules become organized and arranged in fan shape, radiating outward from the centrioles…

A

mitotic spindle

74
Q

the period when the nuclear envelope and nucleolus totally disappear.

A

metaphase

75
Q

the stage in which each centromere divides , separating the two chromatids

A

anaphase

76
Q

begins when half of the chromosomes have been drawn by the microtubules to each pole of the cell. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of daughter chromosomes…

A

telophase

77
Q

the division of the cytoplasm is called…

A

cytokinesis

78
Q

differs from mitosis in a number of ways. It occurs during gametogenesis

A

meiosis

79
Q

the formation of ova in the female

A

oogenesis

80
Q

spermatozoa in male

A

spermatogenesis

physiology (3 decks)

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