Animals Theme 5

Question 1

What form of reproduction occurs when an organism splits into 2 different offspring that are genetically identical

Answer 1

Fission/Asexual

Question 2

What form of reproduction occurs when the offspring grows attached to a parent and splits off at maturity

Answer 2

budding/asexual

Question 3

What is fragmentation?

Answer 3

piece of an organism is separated and becomes a new individual (asexual)

Question 4

What is the process of developing from an unfertilized egg?

Answer 4

Parthenogenesis (asexual)

Question 5

What are the pros and cons of asexual reproduction

Answer 5

Pros: reproduce in isolation, reproduce rapidly. Cons: no genetic variablilty

Question 6

What are the male and female gametes and their process of development

Answer 6

Sperm (spermatogenesis), Egg (oogenesis)

Question 7

What is dioecious

Answer 7

Having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals

Question 8

What is monoecious? And what are the two types?

Answer 8

Having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual. Simultaneous (always both) and sequential (switch between)

Question 9

What are the pros and cons of sexual reproduction?

Answer 9

Pros: genetic variability. Cons: more complex, slower

Question 10

The acrosome on a sperm

Answer 10

is the cap of nucleus and helps sperm attach to egg

Question 11

What are the characteristics of external fertilization?

Answer 11

Release sperm into environment, many gametes, and small

Question 12

What are the characteristics of internal fertilization

Answer 12

Male deposits sperm into female, mating behavior and competition

Question 13

Fusion of the egg and sperm release Ca to trigger a cortical reaction, coating the egg and preventing other sperm to penetrate into the egg

Answer 13

Slow block polyspermy (minutes)

Question 14

Fusion of the egg and sperm triggers depolarization which alters the egg plasma membrane, preventing other sperm to fuse with the egg.

Answer 14

Fast block (seconds)

Question 15

Egg-bearing reproductive systems

Answer 15

Oviparous

Question 16

retain embryo in mothers body

Answer 16

Viviparous

Question 17

Retaining fertilized eggs in the body of the mother, and the egg has internal fluids for nutrients

Answer 17

Ovoviviporous

Question 18

Which organisms are oviparous?

Answer 18

reptiles and insects

Question 19

which organisms are viviparous?

Answer 19

mammals

Question 20

which organisms are ovoviviparous

Answer 20

fish, lizards, and sharks

Question 20

which organisms are ovoviviparous

Answer 20

fish, lizards, and sharks

Question 21

What is the order of early development (Ontogeny)

Answer 21

Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, Organogenesis, and metamorphosis

Question 22

a sperm penetrates an egg and their nuclei fuse to produce a zygote

Answer 22

Fertilization

Question 23

Mitotic division produces a morula composed of blastomeres, and after further division produces a blastula

Answer 23

Cleavage

Question 24

Cell division, migration and rearrangements produce a gastrula (embryo that has primary tissue layers)

Answer 24

Gastrulation

Question 25

cellular mechanisms produce major tissue and organs in embryo development, the organization characteristics of the species emerge

Answer 25

Organogenesis

Question 26

The stage when the animal develops into an adult, and all tissues and organs carry out their specialized functions

Answer 26

metamorphosis

Question 27

What is direct development?

Answer 27

The youth is the smaller version of an adult

Question 28

what is indirect development?

Answer 28

The youth is in a different form than the adult

Question 29

What are the characteristics of the animal poles in cleavage

Answer 29

gives rise to the surface structures and anterior end of the embryo

Question 30

What are the characteristics of the vegetal pole in cleavage

Answer 30

larger cells, that provide nutrients for the fetus, and give rise to internal structures like the gut. On the posterior end of the embryo

Question 31

In what stage does the formation of the ecto-/meso-/endoderm form

Answer 31

Gastrulation

Question 32

What are the 6 mechanisms of gastrulation

Answer 32

Mitosis, cell movement, selective cell adhesion, induction, determination, and differentiation

Question 33

What is induction in gastrulation?

Answer 33

A group of cells influences another group of cells to follow a particular developmental pathway

Question 34

What is cell determination?

Answer 34

When the developmental fate of the cell is determined, usually due to induction

Question 35

What is differentiation in gastrulation?

Answer 35

When the cells actually become specific tissues

Question 36

Sea urchin gastrulation

Answer 36

invagination in the vegetal pole leads to the endoderm-lined cavity with the mesoderm formed between the endo-/ectoderms

Question 37

Frog gastrulation

Answer 37

Cells from the animal pole reach the dorsal lip and invaginate. Cells migrate into blastopore (involution). Archenteron (beginning of the gut) form

Question 38

What is Neurulation?

Answer 38

the development of neural tissue in the ectoderm

Question 39

What is the significance of Neural crest cells

Answer 39

The neural crest cells are able to migrate throughout the embryo after the neural tube is formed to become numerous different cell types

Question 40

What does the neural tube become

Answer 40

brain and spinal cord and central nervous system