Animals V Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Amniotes
- yrs
- def
- extraembryonic membrane
A
- 340 mya to now
- Covered eggs and internal fertilization
- Shell and shell membrnes protect and prevent water evaporation
Extraembrionic Membrane:
-Chorion = outermost membrane for gas exchange
Allantois = encloses wastes and used for gas exchange
-amnion = protects anbryo
-yolk sac = encloses nutrients
2
Q
synapsid vs diapsid
A
- Amniotes can be both
- reptiles and birds are diapsid with 2 fenestrae behind eye hole
- synapsids have one fenestrae (mammals)
- anapsids have no opening –> derivation of single lineage of diapsids (turtles)
3
Q
Types of extant diapsid reptiles
A
- Testudines
- lepidosauria: tuatara, squamata
- archosauria: crocs, dinos, birds
4
Q
Testudines
A
- Turtles
- Fossils from Triassic 215-220 mya
- 300 spp mostly aquatic
- dorsal carapace and ventral plastron are fused vertebrae, ribs, and dermal bone
- no teeth
- anapsid
- sis to archosaurs
- all are oviparous (lay eggs)
5
Q
Lepidosauria: Tuatara
A
- One remaining species still alive
- in New Zealand
- Distinct lineage of lepidosaurs
- lizard like looks
6
Q
Lepidosauria: squamata- lizards
A
- lizards
- scaled skin–> scales made of keratin from epidermis
- extremely diverse : terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arboreal, and aerial
- most w/ 4 limbs, but a lot have reduced limbs
- glass lizards don’t have limbs
- most with movable eyelids
- oviparous and viviparous
7
Q
Lepidosauria: squamata - snakes
A
- derived lizards (cretaceous)
- limbless–> always lack pectoral girdle (HOX) and usually lack pelvic girdle
- numerous vertebrae (body is extended thorax)
- heighly kinetic skull
- no movable eyelids
- modified salivary gland produce venom in 20% of them
8
Q
Archosaurs: general info
A
- crocs, pterosaurs, dinos, birds
- from late permian/ early triasic
Synapomorphies:
- teeth set in sockets (mammals adapt this independantly)
- openings in front of eyes and in front of jaw
- ridge on femur that permits muscle attachment allowing bipedal motion
9
Q
Archosauria: crocodilians
A
- mostly unchanged for 200 my
- 23 spp widespread (tropical aquatic)
- top predator
- elongate, well reinforced skull with massive jaw muscles
- teeth set in sockets –> same as dinos
- oviparous
- closest LIVING relative to birds
10
Q
Archosauria: dinosauria
A
- first in triassic 230 mya
- became dominant terrestrial vertebrates until end of retaceous
- characterized by limbs held erect beneath body (some bidpedal)
- endothermic
11
Q
3 dino gps
A
Saurischia, Ornithischia, Theropoda
Theropod:
- mostly carivorous
- all bipedal
- both avian and non-avian derived lineages included feathered species
12
Q
Archosauria: birds
- basic anatomy
- how many spp
A
10,000 spp
- forelimbs modified for flight, but not all fly
- feathers
- toothless beaks
- 4 chambered heart
- uniquely efficient respiratory system
- semisolid uric acid waste
- endothermic
- high metabolism
- light weight skeleton: hollow bones
- big brains
- complex vocalizations and social behavior
13
Q
Bird origins
A
- Archaeopteryx = one of earliest and most famous bird-like reptiles (dinos) in fossil record (11 known specimen)
- late jurrasic 150 mya
- other bird-like dinos from Jurrassic discovered in China –> many from Cretaceous (raven sized, feathers, teeth, claws, discovered aft origin of species)
14
Q
Iberomesornis
A
toothed cretaceous bird 125 mya
15
Q
Confuciusornis
A
- early unequivocal bird discovered in china
- cretaceaous 125-140 mya
- claws on wings
- first toothless bird with beak
- feathers definitely enabled powered flight
16
Q
How many times did flight evolve independantly
A
3 times in vertebrates (birds, bats, pterosaurs), 1 time in invertebrates (insects)
17
Q
Archosauria: Pterosaurs
A
-first vertebrates to evolve powered flight
-very divers
Triassic to cretaceous 228-66 mya
-hollow bones, keeled breastbone, air sacs/ lungs
-extinct at K/T boundary
18
Q
bird phylogeny
A
- derived theropod dinos
- over half spp are Order Passeriformes (song birds with altrical chicks)
- altrical chicks = underdeveloped at hatching, but grow faster than precocial chicks
- Paleognaths basal = most flightless birds with no direct fossil link to cretaceaous
- Neognaths= derived –> most spp
19
Q
bird feathers
A
- keratin structures produced by skin follicles
- homologous to mammalian hair and reptile scales
- not unique to birds: nonavian dinos had them too
- prob used for warmth or male attraction
- contributed to evolution of flight
20
Q
Bird vocalizations
A
- among most elaborate in vertebrates
- sounds from voicebox (syrinx) bt trachea and bronchi
- species specific
- mostly learned, not inate
- long and complex when mating; short and repetitive as warnings
- some have 100s of calls
- important in field identification
21
Q
Bird respiratory
A
- 2 breaths to move air thrue air sac/ lung system
- uni directional air flow
- moves accross lungs, not in and out
22
Q
Synapsida: mammals
A
- synapsid reptiles with long fossil record
- evolved from mammal-like therapsid reptiles in the triassic (225 mya–> 5 my after dinos)
- very diverse
- hair, lactation, homeotherm
- 4 chambered heart
- sweat glands
- big brain
- lower jaw and a single dentary
- heterodont
- bony secondary palate
- 2 gps: Prototherians (monotremes) and Therians
23
Q
Where are hair, scales, and feathers from?
A
- embryonic skin placodes
- single gene
- CA 320 mya
24
Q
First mammals
A
225 mya late triassic
split into prototherians and therians 166 mya
therians split into marsupials and eutherians 148mya
25
Prototherians
- 5 species in Australia and New Guinea
- duck-billed platypus and 4 spp of echidnas
- no placenta, lay eggs, and supply milk
- don't have nipples or mammary glands
- otherwise similar to mammals
26
Therian mammals (in general)
- produce live young without shelled egg
- 5700 described spp
- Metatherian mammals (including marsupials) and Eutherian mammals
- earliest fossils from late jurassic
27
Therians: marsupials
- 300 spp
- limited yolk-sac --> allantoic placenta in uterus
- limited gestation; prolonged lactation
- flexible reproductive investment --> revolving door fertilitly --> double pregnancies
all australian spp came from single south american ancestor
28
Therians: eutheria (placental mammals)
- over 5000 extant eutherian mammal spp
- prolonged gestation
- chorioallantoic placenta: made up of the chorion and tissues of the uterine wall
- most placental mammals belong to rodentia (rodents) or chiroptera (bats)
29
Types of placental mammals
Laurasiatheria = bats, cetaceans, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, carnivora, moles
Euarchontoglires = rodents, rabbits, treeshrews, colugos, primates
Xenarthra = armadillos, anteaters, sloths
Afrotheria = aardvarks, elephants, sea cows, hyraxes,
30
Primates
- 350 spp
- first fossils 63 mya
- earliest were small, arboreal, and insectivorous (similar to present strepsirrhines)
- explosive radiation of haplorhines 40-45 mya --> represented by new world monkey clade, an old world monkey clade, and apes
31
Primate adaptations to arboreal habitats
- nails, not claws
- grasping hands and feet
- stereoscopic vision
32
purgatorius
-early mammal that's ancestral to primates
-rat-sized
63 mya
33
Strepsirhines
- wet nosed primate
| - primates, but not monkeys or apes
34
Haplorhine line
-tarsiers, new world monkeys, old world monkeys, and apes
New World
- prehensile tail
- nostrils open to side
- all arboreal (spider monkey and capuchins)
Old world
- tail not prehensile
- nostrils open down
- tough seat pad
- some ground dwelling (baboons, rhesus, macaques, great and lesser apes)
prob split before 55 mya, but aft south america and africa split
35
Hominins
- humans and human ancestors
- bipedalism
- evolved from a gp of ground-dwelling arthropoid apes in late miocene (6 mya)
- include variety of species in several genera
- Orroris and sahelanthropus (6-7 mya); ardipithecus (def bipedal) (4-5 mya); australopithecus (2-4 mya); homo (2 mya)
Lots of early african diversity --> many went extinct
36
Which came first? Big head, or bipedalism?
bipedalism
37
History of anatomically modern homo sapiens
-Molecular data: arose in africa 200,000 years ago and migrated to colonize the rest of the Old worls
- displaced archaic homosapiens (neanderthal) worldwide
- new world colonization is recent (15,000-20,000 years ago)
mixed and matched with each other --> no cultural purity
38
Primate timeline
- 1st primates (purgatorius) = 63 mya
-oldest haplorhine fossil = 55 mya
earliest hominines = 6-7 mya
earliest species in homo = 2 mya
homo sapiens = 200,000 ya
39
Described Biodiversity
- estimated 10-100 million spp total
- just under 2 mil known to science
- 60,000 named vertebrate (mostly fish; 5,000 mammals; 10,000 birds; prob not many more)
- 1.2 mil named invertebrates (0.9 mil insects; estimated 3-5 mil)
- 300,000 land plants (mostly angiosperms; 800 gymnosperms; 1200 lycophytes and 11,000 ferns; 17,000 nonvascular plants; estimated 450,000 total land plants
- 100,000 fungi (estimated 1.5 mil)
- 50,000 protists (estimated 75,000)
- 6000 named prokaryotes (estimated 1-10 mil)
